Purpose -This study aims to investigate the impact of total primary energy consumption and CO 2 emissions on the economic development in 16 emerging countries. Design/methodology/approach -The panel model was used taking the period 1980-2008. Findings -The results showed that a long-run relationship is present between total primary energy consumption, CO 2 emission, and economic development in the countries under investigation. It was also found that both total primary energy consumption have a positive causal relationship with the economic development and other economic aspects playing an important role in achieving high economic performance with the consequence of higher pollution. Practical implications -The main recommendation of this study is to increase their investment and government spending on green energy projects to increase the share of green energy out of their total energy consumption. This can be considered a good solution for their energy woes. Originality/value -Different from the previous studies, it was also found that total primary energy consumption have a positive causal relationship with the economic development and other economic aspects playing an important role in achieving high economic performance with the consequence of higher pollution. In addition, there are a number of countries that had not investigated before.

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This study attempts to investigate the effect of trade liberalization on exports and imports in Syria over the period 1980–2010. Trade openness is used as an indicator of trade liberalization. The cointegration test shows that trade openness has a positive effect on exports and imports. The Granger causality test indicates that there are bidirectional short-run causality relationships between trade openness and exports, and unidirectional short-run causality relationship running from trade openness to imports. In the long run, there is unidirectional long-run causality relationship running from exports to trade openness, and no long-run causality relationship between trade openness and imports. However, trade openness tends to have a greater effect on imports than exports.

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This study investigates the determinants of agricultural output in Syria, 1980Syria, -2010. The Johansen cointegration test results indicate that agricultural outputs are positively related to the capital, food exports, expenditure and arable land, and negatively related to the oil price. Arable land has the biggest effect on agricultural outputs. The Granger causality test indicates bidirectional short-run causality relationships between capital, food exports, expenditure, arable land and agricultural outputs, and unidirectional short-run causality relationship running from oil price to agricultural outputs. There are also unidirectional long-run causality relationships moving from agricultural outputs to gross fixed capital formation of agriculture, oil price, food exports and arable land. However, there is no long-run causality relationships between final consumption expenditure and agricultural outputs. The result indicates that it is important to speed up the land reclamation process and encourage the investment in the agricultural sector.

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