Vitamin D is recognized for its pivotal role in maintaining calcium-phosphorus homeostasis and regulating bone metabolism. The beneficial effects of vitamin D on the protective function of the immune system are seen in the innate immune system. It increases the production of defensin β2 and cathelicidin by macrophages, monocytes, and keratinocytes in response to infection. Cathelicidin is produced by neutrophils, macrophages, and cells lining epithelial surfaces such as skin, respiratory, and digestive tracts. Recent research showed that vitamin D exerts potent immunomodulatory effects by modulating the innate and adaptive immune systems. This led to the recognition of various disease conditions associated with vitamin D deficiency. This narrative review aimed to describe the molecular mechanisms for the vitamin D immunomodulatory effect.
Obesitas merupakan penyakit kronis dengan angka penderita yang semakin meningkat sehingga menjadi sebuah epidemi di dunia. Menurut data Riskesdas 2018, angka obesitas di Indonesia meningkat hingga 35,4% dibandingkan angka tahun 2007. Obesitas menjadi faktor risiko terjadinya penyakit-penyakit metabolik karena adanya kondisi inflamasi kronik. Inflamasi kronik yang terjadi berkaitan dengan peningkatan permeabilitas dinding usus yang ditandai dengan meningkatknya kadar zonulin. Probiotik diketahui mampu menurunkan kadar zonulin dan memperbaiki integritas usus pada obesitas.
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