Background: Pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments for stroke are essential but can be costly or harmful, whereas probiotics are a promising alternative. This scoping review aimed to synthesize the in vitro and in vivo evidence of probiotics on stroke-related neurological, biochemical, and histochemical outcomes. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Central Register of Clinical Trials (CENTRAL) up to 7 May 2021. Titles and abstracts were screened and assessed by two independent reviewers. The initial screening criteria aimed to include studies using probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics both in vitro and in vivo for the prevention and/or treatment of stroke. Results: Of 6293 articles, 4990 passed the initial screen after excluding duplication articles, of which 36 theme-related full texts were assessed and 13 were included in this review. No in vitro studies passed the criteria to be included in this review. Probiotics can ameliorate neurological deficits and show their anti-inflammation and anti-oxidative properties. Decreased loss of cerebral volume and inhibition of neuronal apoptosis were revealed in histopathological evidence. Conclusions: There are potential cognitive benefits of probiotic supplementation, especially among animal models, on decreasing cerebral volume, increasing neurological score, and decreasing the inflammatory response. However, further investigation is needed to validate these conclusions in various populations.
Background: Electronic cigarette (E-cigarette) has gained popularity internationally. It was claimed to be a novel way of smoking cessation. Previous reports regarding E-cigarette in Thai college student were limited. We investigated the prevalence, characteristics, and risk factors of e-cigarette smoking in Thai college students. Method: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study of prevalence, characteristics and risk factors of E-cigarette user in college students in Bangkok in January 2018. We used simple random sampling method and self-interviewed anonymous online questionnaire. The primary outcome was the prevalence of E-cigarette user. Secondary outcome were the characteristics and risk factors of E-cigarette users. Result: There were 1302 college students which 535 students (41.1%) were male, and 767 students (58.9%) were female. 289 students (22.2%) were E-cigarette users. 223 students had history of both cigarette and E-cigarette used. History of cigarette used in 30 days, history of cigarette used not in 30 days, water pipe user, marijuana user and male were risk factors of using E-cigarette by adjusted odds ratio 24.59 (95% CI 13.31-45.43), 15.12 (95% CI 9.06 -25.23), 10.08 (95% CI 6.38 -15.92), 11.59 (95% CI 4.61 -29.14), 1.90 (95% CI 1.25 -2.90) respectively. Studying in non-health faculties was the risk factor for E-cigarette used with adjusted odds ratio of 2.07 (95% CI 1.05 -4.10). Conclusion: Prevalence of E-cigarette users in Thai college student was high. Risk factors included male, history of cigarette smoking, marijuana use, water pipe and studying in non-health associated faculty. Effective control and education are needed.
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