Thermal osteonecrosis is the in situ death of bone tissue as a result of excessively high temperatures. While the exact temperature at which thermal osteonecrosis occurs has not yet been determined, 50°C is the accepted critical value, as bone regeneration is almost completely impaired from this point on. Thermal osteonecrosis is a significant concern in orthopedic surgery, as it can compromise the bone-implant interface in fracture fixation, which, by definition, is a complication.A literature review was undertaken of the pertinent literature concerning heat generation from bone drilling and how this heat affects bone tissue. The Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and secondary (Cochrane Library) databases were searched up to December 2017 using keywords with the appropriate use of Boolean operators. Both simple text word searching and thesaurus searching were used to maximize the number of relevant articles retrieved. Reference tracking was performed via the retrieved articles to further extend the boundaries of the search. The level of evidence was Level V.It was identified that factors affecting heat generation during bone drilling were multifactorial and did not act independently of each other. Good quality evidence exists that both bone drilling parameters and the drill itself affect heat generation in bone during bone drilling. However, external irrigation is the most important variable and should always be used to keep the bone temperature below the critical value of 50°C.Future studies should focus on how the parameters of bone drilling interact with each other and how this influences heat generation in bone drilling. There is also a lack of in vivo studies on the human bone; this too should be further investigated.

Fat Embolism Syndrome (FES) is a poorly defined clinical phenomenon which has been attributed to fat emboli entering the circulation. It is common, and its clinical presentation may be either subtle or dramatic and life threatening. This is a review of the history, causes, pathophysiology, presentation, diagnosis and management of FES. FES mostly occurs secondary to orthopaedic trauma; it is less frequently associated with other traumatic and atraumatic conditions. There is no single test for diagnosing FES. Diagnosis of FES is often missed due to its subclinical presentation and/or confounding injuries in more severely injured patients. FES is most frequently diagnosed using the Gurd and Wilson criteria, like its rivals it is not clinically validated. Although FES is a multi-system condition, its effects in the lung, brain, cardiovascular system and skin cause most morbidity. FES is mostly a self-limiting condition and treatment is supportive in nature. Many treatments have been trialled, most notably corticosteroids and heparin, however no validated treatment has been established.

No abstract

Case: A 10-year-old boy presented with vague symptoms, a few days after a nondescript injury to his left knee. History, examination and blood tests, and imaging were unremarkable. Because of his severe pain, we proceeded to arthroscopy. On proceeding to arthroscopy, a wooden toothpick was found inside the knee joint. The wooden toothpick was removed arthroscopically. Conclusion: The physicians/surgeons have to be vigilant and should approach holistically toward history and examination of a child presenting with vague signs and symptoms.

Background Older age groups were identified as a high-risk cohort for Covid-19 and thus were a focus of lockdown measures enacted internationally. Resultant decreased social mobility and physical activity levels are associated with sarcopenia, which may lead to increased risk of hip fracture upon resuming social integration and physical activities after easing of lockdown restrictions. Aims Our aim was to compare the incidence of hip fractures during the period following vaccination with subsequent relaxation of restrictions, to those prior to and during the Covid pandemic. Methods A multicentre retrospective cohort study was performed consisting of all patients presenting with a “hip” fracture to 3 regional trauma units over the relevant time periods in 2019, 2020 and 2021. Tallaght, Galway and Waterford University Hospitals are large academic teaching hospitals with a combined mixed urban and rural catchment of over 1 million people. Findings Four-hundred-fourteen patients in total were included in the final analysis, with 133 eligible hip fractures observed proceeding to operative treatment across the study period in 2019, 132 in 2020 and 149 in 2021, representing a 12.88% increase. Demographic data revealed similar patient cohorts with respect to age and gender, fracture pattern and treatment. Conclusions An increase in hip fracture volume was observed during the period post vaccination with subsequent relaxation of restrictions and increased social mobility, compared to those prior to and during the Covid pandemic. These findings have implications for hospital planning and orthopaedic resourcing as we navigate our way forward past the Covid-19 Pandemic.