radically different from the way it f,unctions ordinarily. An SoC is thus defined States of Consciousness and State-Specific Sciences The extension of scientific method to the essential phenomena of altered states of consciousness is proposed. Charles T. Tart not in tenrns of any particular wn'tent of consciousness, or ,specific lbeh,avior or physiological chan,ge, ,but in terms of ' the overall patterning of psychological functioning. An analogy with computer funotioning can clarify this definition. A c mputer has a com'plex program of many subroutines. If we repro,Dam it quite differently, the same sorts of input data may be han,dled in qui,te different ways; we will be able to prediot very little from our knowledge of the old program about the effects of varying the input, even though old anld new programs have some su,brout.ines in common. The new program with its input-output in(teractions mlust be stjudied Blackburn (I) recently noted' that and have his antiscientific attitude fur-in and of itself. AX is many of our most talented young people ther reinforced. It is clear to him that to =hanging temporarily *he program of are ''turned off" to science: as a saln-the scientist has no real understanding a computer. tion, he proposed that we recognize the 'of what marijuana intoxication is all ~h , A~c '~ experienced by al,most validity of a more sensuous-intui,tive ap-about (3). ordinary people are drealming states proach to nature, treating it as Wm-More formally, an increasin'gly and the hypnogogic and hypnopompic plamentary to the classical in.tellect.ua1 significant num~ber of people are experi-states, the transi,tional states (&tween approach. menting with ASC's in themselves, and sleeping and waking. M~~~ other I have seen the same rejection of finding the experiences thus gained of experience another A x , alcohol science by many of the brightest extreme i,mportance in their philosophy intoxication. students in California, and the problem and style of life. The conflict between he relatively new (to our cul:ture) is indeed serious. Blaoklburn's analysis experiences in these ASC's and the at-ASS that are now h,aving rnch an is valid, but not deep enough. A more titudes and intellectual-emotional sys-impact are those produced by mari-6 fundamental source of alienation is the tems that have evolved in our ordinary juana, more powerhl psychedelic drugs widespread experience of altered states state of consciousness (Soc) is a major such as LSD, meditative states, soof consciousness (MC's) .by the young, factor behind the increased alienation called possession states, and autocoupled with the al,mmt ,total rejection of many people from conventional scihypnotic states (5). of the knowledge gained d:uring the ence. Experiences of ecstasy, mystical experiencing of ASC's by the scientific union, other "dimensions," rapture, establishment. Blackburn himself ex-beauty, space-and-time transcendence, States of Consciousness and Paradigms empli'fies this rejection when he says: and transpersonal knowledge, all com-"Per...
2 experiments are reported to test the increase of responsiveness to suggestion tests following hypnotic induction over responsiveness to such tests in waking and imagination conditions, an increase that has been doubted as a result of experiments by Barber and Calverley (1962, 1963). In the 1st experiment, 60 Ss were divided into groups of 20 Ss each serving under 1 of 3 conditions in a 1st session (waking, imagination, hypnosis). All received a standard hypnotic induction in a 2nd session. While the treatment effects did not yield significant differences on the 1st day, there were significant gains in responsiveness to suggestions by the waking and imagination groups in the 2nd session. In the 2nd experiment, with some methodological improvements, 90 Ss served in 6 groups of IS Ss each, in imagination without expectation of hypnosis, imagination with expectation of hypnosis, and hypnotic induction, in various combinations. Significant gains were found with hypnotic induction throughout. State reports (subjective responses of drifting into hypnosis) showed that those Ss within both imagination and hypnotic induction conditions who reported themselves as becoming hypnotized were the ones who yielded the highest suggestibility scores. The difficulty of obtaining significant treatment effects is noted unless Ss serve as their own controls.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.