Fall plowdown, spring preplant, and side‐dress applications of nitrogen were compared in field experiments on Brookston clay, Brookston clay loam, and Haldimand silt loam soils. Ammonium nitrate, urea, and anhydrous ammonia were compared at 56, 112, 168, and 224 kg N/ha. Spring application (preplant or side‐dress) produced higher grain yields than fall application in all experiments regardless of the rate of nitrogen applied. Preplanting the nitrogen was as effective in increasing grain yield as the side‐dress method. Yield results with fall‐applied nitrogen were poorer on the clay soil than the loam soils. Spring application of nitrogen gave 370 to 2,610 kg/ha higher yield of corn grain than fall application on clay soils, and 200 to 1160 kg/ha higher yield of corn grain on the loam soils. No rate of nitrogen applied in the fall was found that would give the same yield as the optimum rate applied in the spring. The three nitrogen materials gave similar results whether applied in the fall or in the spring. The nitrogen content of the grain varied with the time and method of application of nitrogen. Grain from plots that received nitrogen in the fall was markedly lower in percent nitrogen than grain from plots that received nitrogen in the spring.
In a 3‐year experiment on Brookston clay loam, the effect of time and rate of application of nitrogen on the yield and sucrose content of sugar beets was studied. Maximum yield of sugar was obtained when nitrogen was applied as a preplant at 90 or 120 pounds per acre or as a sidedressing in mid‐June at 60 or 90 pounds per acre. A harvest delay of 28 days resulted in an increase of 1017 pounds of sugar per acre, representing an average increase of 36 pounds per acre per day. The initial 14 days of harvest delay resulted in an increase of 638 pounds of sugar, or a daily increase of 46 pounds per acre, as compared to an increase of 379 pounds of sugar or a daily increase of 27 pounds per acre for the last 14 days delayed harvest. The date of harvest was the most important factor affecting the sucrose content of beets. The order of importance of the variables on differences in sucrose content was: Date of harvest >> Time of nitrogen application > Rate of nitrogen application > Interactions. The rate of nitrogen application and date of harvest were about equal in effect and accounted for the majority of the variation in root yield. The order of importance of the variables on differences in root yield was: Rate of nitrogen application ≃ Date of harvest >> Time of nitrogen application > Interactions. The date of harvest was the most important factor contributing to differences in sugar yield. The order of importance of the variables on the variation in sugar yield was: Date of harvest >> Rate of nitrogen application > Time of nitrogen application > Interactions.
ANCIENT RHETORIC AND POETIC Aristotle's third item, which is one whole field of rhetoric, may indeed be mere logical fence, using terms and propositions as mere counters; but real skill in debate, the habit of seeing both sides and of analyzing sophistries and fallacies, tends to make truth emerge from current discussion.The fourth use of rhetoric, for self-defense, seems added merely for completeness and to rebut the common objection that rhetoric is abused. That, says Aristotle, is no argument against it.T he definition implied and sketched in Chapter I and formulated in Chapter II, may be summed up in the word persuasion, if we are careful to speak of persuasion not as achievement, but as method. Just as we ask of medicine, not that it shall infallibly heal-a degree of achievement impossible in human affairs-but that it shall discern and use all the means of healing available in the given case, so the true end of rhetoric is to induce such habitual skill as shall discern in any given case the available means of persuasion. s means of persuasion we must include both those that are extrinsic and those that are intrinsic,'^those that lie outside the art of rhetoric in the domains of subject-6 1355 b. ' 1355 b rb ivd€xf>tJ'tPOv nidavdv, or, as the preceding context puts it, rd virdpxovra irtdavd.' at fi^p drexvoi eicrtv ai 5' evrexvoi.Cope, Introduction, page 150, translates "unscientific and scientific"; Welldon, "inartistic or artistic"; Jebb, "inartificial or artificial." None of these translations is satisfactory in connotation. Scientific, or artistic, or artificial suggests associations not borne out by the context and ultimately misleading. Aristotle says simply "means that lie outside of the art and means that lie within it." The means that lie within are hardly, in fact or in his intention, scientific.They are artistic in the broadest sense of being attainable by art, not in the narrower sense of belonging to fine art, nor in the colloquial sense of being pretty. Artificial they are not at all, except when they are misapplied. each case within its own field as well as in its general relations to human nature. Aristotle's distinction here between general and special "topics" coincides with his earlier division (page 10) of the means of persuasion into intrinsic and extrinsic. The extrinsic means are knowledge, to be got by the methods of getting; the intrinsic means are utterance, to be given by the methods of giving.At this point, the opening of Chapter iii,^^Aristotle makes his scientific division of rhetoric by its fields. The three fields of rhetoric are: (1) the deliherative, persuasion 12 1358 a.13 1358 b.THE RHETORIC OF ARISTOTLE 15 in public assemblies as to matters of current discussion, looking to the future, urging expediency;(2) the forensic, accusation and defense in courts, looking to the past, urging justice; and (3) the occasional,^^praise or blame, looking to the present, urging honor. The underlying, general, or "final topics" of rhetoric, as distinct from the special topics that i...
It u'as concluded that the behaviour of nitrogen fertilizers in soil is dependent on both the texture and reaction of the soil, that the movement of urea in soil is small, and that the time of application influences the subsequent utilization of these materials bv the croo.
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