The Pregnancy-Unique Quantification of Emesis (PUQE) is a scoring system to quantify the severity of nausea and vomiting of pregnancy (NVP). Based on quantification of the 3 physical symptoms of NVP (nausea, vomiting and retching), PUQE closely correlates with the validated but much more complex Rhodes' score. We examined the ability of PUQE to predict four independent aspects of NVP: (a) pregnant women's ability to take multivitamins. (b) rates of emergency room visits and hospitalisation for NVP. (c) health cost of NVP. (d) women's self scores of well-being in NVP. Using large prospective cohorts of women for each end point, severity of NVP measured by PUQE had significant predictive value for all 4 aspects sought. PUQE has been validated through 4 independent clinical outcomes of direct importance and relevance for NVP. The simplicity of PUQE and the ease of its execution make it a practical tool for both clinical follow-up and research.

This review was based on a small number of trials and patients. Pain related to MS was assumed to be similar to neuropathic pain.

Electrical kindling of the rat dorsal hippocampus induced significant changes in the binding of 1251.. peptide YY to Yl and Y2 subtypes of neuropeptide Y receptors and in their mRNA levels in the area dentata as assessed by quantitative receptor autoradiography and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Binding to Vi receptor sites decreased by 50% (p <0.05) in the molecular layer of the stimulated dentate gyrus, 2 days after preconvulsive stage 2 and 1 week or 1 month after generalized stage 5 seizures compared with sham-stimulated rats. Binding to Y2 receptor sites increased bilaterally by 36-87% (p < 0.05) in the hilus at stage 2 and 1 week or 1 month after stage 5. No significant changes were observed after one afterdischarge or in the other hippocampal subfields or in the cortex. Vi receptor mRNA signal decreased bilaterally by 50-64% (p < 0.01) in the granule cell layer, 6 h but not 24 h after stages 2 and 5. The Y2 receptor mRNA signal was enhanced by 283% (p <0.01) in the stimulated granule cell layer 24 h after stage 2. At 6 and 24 h after stage 5, mRNA levels were increased both ipsilaterally (283 and 360%, respectively; p < 0.01) and contralaterally (190 and 260%, respectively; p < 0.05). No significant changes in level of either mRNA was found following one afterdischarge. These modifications, and the enhanced neuropeptide Y release previously shown in the hippocampus, suggest that kindling is associated with lasting changes in neuropeptide Ymediated neurotransmission.

PP-LAI followed by OLZ-LAI was cost-effective in Sweden for chronic schizophrenia and cost-saving overall to the healthcare system.

The prevalence of pain is high in MS patients. This condition may be underdiagnosed and undertreated, and results in a significant economic burden on society.

The results of this study indicate, after adjusting for potential confounders, that optimally initiated patients for RRT have significantly lower healthcare-associated costs compared to sub-optimally initiated patients.

Success rates for tacrolimus and pimecrolimus were statistically similar. However, tacrolimus rates were consistently higher numerically than those for pimecrolimus, and tacrolimus was used in patients with more severe disease. A head-to-head RCT is required to determine if true differences exist between these drugs.

Assuming that 51% of the general population are willing to pay additional premiums as reported in this study, the premiums collected would cover the cost of Sativex for all Canadian MS patients experiencing pain, with a surplus.