Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a diverse group of cells that are recognized for their remarkable suppressive effects on pro‐inflammatory T cells. The pleiotropic nature of these cells, however, has been demonstrated by their differential effects on immune responses in different settings. Our and others’ work has demonstrated suppressive effects of these cells. We previously demonstrated that these cells were mobilized to the lungs during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a murine model of multiple sclerosis, and potently inhibited CD8+ T cell responses against influenza infection. Interestingly, they appeared to have a lesser effect on CD4+ T cells, and in fact, others have demonstrated that spleen‐derived MDSCs could actually promote Th17 differentiation. We sought to determine the role of lung‐derived MDSCs on EAE pathogenesis, as excursion through the lungs by pathologic CNS‐Ag targeted T cells was shown to be critical for EAE induction. Our results indicate a robust accumulation of granulocytic MDSCs in the lungs of mice during EAE, which could promote Th17 polarization, and which coincided with the trafficking of autoimmune‐targeted T cells through the lungs. These studies underscore the pleiotropic effect of MDSCs on T cells and their potential pro‐inflammatory phenotypes in neuro‐inflammatory disease. Understanding both the intrinsic multifunctional nature of these cells and the ability to influence organ‐specific targets such as the CNS from remote organs such as lungs will help to elucidate both mechanisms of disease and possible new therapeutic approaches.
Total shoulder arthroplasty is an increasingly popular option for the treatment of glenohumeral arthritis. Historically, the effectiveness of the procedure has largely been determined by the long-term stability of the glenoid component. Glenoid component loosening can lead to clinically concerning complications including pain with movement, loss of function, and accumulation of debris which may require surgery to revise. In response, there has been a push to optimize the design of the glenoid prosthesis. Traditional contemporary glenoid components use pegs for fixation and are made entirely of polyethylene. Variations on the standard implant include keeled, metal-backed, hybrid, augmented, and inlay designs. There is a wealth of biomechanical and clinical studies that report on the effectiveness of these different designs. The purpose of this review is to summarize existing literature regarding glenoid component design and identify key areas for future research. Knowledge of the rationale underlying glenoid design will help surgeons select the best component for their patients and optimize outcomes following TSA.
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