HIV-related stigma, discrimination, and homophobia impede community based efforts to combat HIV disease among Latino and African American gay and bisexual men. This commentary highlights ways to address these social biases in communities of color in Los Angeles from the perspectives of staff from HIV prevention programs. Information was collected from HIV prevention program staff participating in a two-day symposium. The outcomes from the symposium offer strategies for developing and implementing HIV prevention services for Latino and African American gay and bisexual men, which include: 1) addressing social biases present in a community that can hinder, and even prohibit, utilization of effective HIV prevention programs; 2) recasting HIV prevention messages in a broader social or health context; 3) developing culturally appropriate HIV prevention messages; 4) exploring new modalities and venues for delivering HIV prevention messages that are appropriate for gay and bisexual men of color and the communities in which they live; and 5) broadening the target of HIV prevention services to include service providers, local institutions and agencies, and the community at-large. These strategies underscore the need to consider the social and contextual factors of a community when designing and implementing HIV prevention programs.

Abstract. High metal waste materials from the Bunker Hill, ID Superfund site are being collected in a central impoundment area. The waste materials have elevated metal concentrations with total Zn, Pb and Cd ranging from 6,000 -14,700, 2100 -4900, and 9 -28 mg kg' 1 , respectively. They also contained minimal amounts of organic matter. In June, 1997 different mixtures of biosolids, wood ash and logyard debris were surface applied to determine if these materials would enable vegetative cover to be established directly on the surface of the waste material. Surface application ofbiosolids in combination with other residuals was able to restore a vegetative cover to the metal contaminated materials for three years following amendment application. Plant biomass in 1999 was 0.01 Mg ha 1 in the control vs 3.4 Mg ha 1 in amended plots. Metal concentrations of the vegetation indicate that plants were within normal concentrations for the 3 years that data was collected. Zinc concentrations in plant tissue in the amended areas was all below 90 mg kg·' for the 1999 growing season. Surface application of amendments was also able to reduce CaN0 3 extractable Zn in the subsoil from 159 in the control to 10 mg kg' 1 • These results indicate that surface application of biosolids and wood ash +/-Iogyard debris are sufficient to restore a vegetative cover to high metal materials for up to 3 years following application.

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The use of pulp and paper sludge as a forest soil amendment was investigated in these studies. The fate of nitrogen added from field applications of P&P sludge was determined. Primary sludge was found to immobilize small amounts of N, while secondary sludge mineralized over 70% of the N over a 21 month period. A large portion (39-82%) of the mineralized N was not accounted for by uptake, soil storage and nitrate leaching, and was assumed to be gaseous losses. Growth response from P&P sludge amendments was measured. Surface application of primary sludge apparently had a beneficial mulching effect, as growth was 52-131% greater than in control soils. Addition of N to primary sludge resulted in growth 151-223% greater than in controls. Secondary sludge surface-applied resulted in excellent growth compared to controls (112-319% greater).

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Many forest management treatments are directly aimed at maintaining or enhancing forest productivity. There may also be secondary effects that detract from this goal. We discuss three case studies in Washington state in which several mechanisms may have led to adverse secondary impacts. In the first study, pulp and paper (PII) sludges were mixed into soil and growth of Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco], noble fir (Abies procera Rehder) and western white pine (Pinus monticola Douglas ex D. Don) was monitored. There was a significant negative correlation of height and diameter growth and C/N ratio for Douglas‐fir and western white pine (0.05 level). In a second study, effects of 50 yr of red alder (Alnus rubra Bong.) and Douglas‐fir growth on soil chemistry and stand productivity were compared. When the 50‐yr‐old stands were cut and red alder was established by planting into the soil of the former Douglas‐fir and red alder forests, lowered available P in the soil of the previous red alder stand was observed. In a third study, high rates of low C/N ratio organic matter (300 Mg ha−1) were added in municipal biosolids (N amount about 8000 kg ha−1) to Douglas‐fir and grand fir [Abies grandis (Dougl.) Forbes] plantations. Excess organic N in the biosolids apparently mineralized, nitrified, and contributed to soil acidification and accelerated cation leaching. Severe Mg deficiency (0.25 g kg−1 in biosolids‐treated vs. 0.93 g kg−1 in untreated area) might be the cause of observed foliar chlorosis and poor growth rates.