The satellite cell is responsible for growth and repair of postnatal skeletal muscle. We investigated the expression of the myogenic regulatory gene (MRG) family in these cells in the stages from quiescence to fusion. Using polymerase chain reaction amplification of reverse-transcribed RNA (RT-PCR) isolated from adult rat satellite cells, we demonstrated a temporal sequence of gene activation, which is distinct from that previously observed in embryonic somatic cells. No MRG expression was detected in predominantly quiescent cells. MyoD is activated by 12 h in cell culture, prior to the first evidence of proliferation. MRF4 and myf-5 appear by 48 h and may be associated with the first division cycle. Myogenin is not detectable until 72 h after satellite cell recovery from the muscle fiber, coincidental with the first evidence of differentiation.
The invasion and subsequent establishment in California of in Aedes aegypti 2013 has created new challenges for local mosquito abatement and vector control districts. Studies were undertaken to identify effective and economical strategies to monitor the abundance and spread of this mosquito species as well as for its control. Overall, BG Sentinel (BGS) traps were found to be the most sensitive trap type to measure abundance and spread into new locations. Autocidal-Gravid-Ovitraps (AGO-B), when placed at a site for a week, performed equally to BGS in detecting the presence of female Ae. aegypti. Considering operational cost and our findings, we recommend use of BGS traps for surveillance in response to service requests especially in locations outside the known infestation area. We recommend AGO-Bs be placed at fixed sites, cleared and processed once a week to monitor mosquito abundance within a known infestation area. Long-term high density placements of AGO-Bs were found to show promise as an environmentally friendly trap-kill control strategy. California were found to be homozygous for the V1016I Ae. aegypti mutation in the voltage gated sodium channel gene, which is implicated to be involved in insecticide resistance. This strain originating from Clovis, California was resistant to some pyrethroids but not to deltamethrin in bottle bio-assays. Sentinel cage ultra-low-volume (ULV) trials using a new formulation of deltamethrin (DeltaGard®) demonstrated that it provided some control (average of 56% death in sentinel cages in a 91.4 m spray swath) after a single truck mounted aerial ULV application in residential areas.This article is included in the Zika & Arbovirus
Amendments from Version 2Dr. Lozano-Fuentes' comments were already addressed in v2.The following changes are made to incorporate Dr. Xue's comment:1. We added GPS co-ordinates for study site.2. We added blood resource and % sugar feeding for adult mosquitoes.3. We deleted Culex from this paper.4. We added ULV truck speed and flowing rate.5. We added the information about vegetation and any barrier objects for the trials in residential area.
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