Adult neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb of the mammalian CNS. Recent studies have demonstrated that newborn granule cells of the adult hippocampus are postsynaptic targets of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, but evidence of synapse formation by the axons of these cells is still lacking. By combining retroviral expression of green fluorescent protein in adult-born neurons of the mouse dentate gyrus with immuno-electron microscopy, we found output synapses that were formed by labeled terminals on appropriate target cells in the CA3 area and the hilus. Furthermore, retroviral expression of channelrhodopsin-2 allowed us to light-stimulate newborn granule cells and identify postsynaptic target neurons by whole-cell recordings in acute slices. Our structural and functional evidence indicates that axons of adult-born granule cells establish synapses with hilar interneurons, mossy cells and CA3 pyramidal cells and release glutamate as their main neurotransmitter.Increasing evidence supports the hypothesis that neurogenesis is a physiologically important event in the adult hippocampus, but the precise role of newly generated cells in the hippocampal network remains unknown 1-5 . Understanding how newborn granule cells may contribute to information processing in the adult hippocampus requires a detailed analysis of their connectivity and function. Previous studies have clearly demonstrated that newborn neurons in the adult hippocampus receive morphologically mature axo-somatic, axo-dendritic and axospinous synapses and that those inputs arising from the entorhinal cortex and local inhibitory interneurons are fully functional 6-13 . To influence information processing in the hippocampal network, new granule cells must also contact the appropriate neuronal targets, but this capability has not yet been demonstrated because of technical challenges.Correspondence should be addressed to F.H.G. (gage@salk.edu) or A.F.S. (aschinder@leloir.org.ar). 4 These authors contributed equally to this work. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS N.T. contributed to the concept, designed and carried out the structural experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. D.A.L. contributed to the concept, designed and performed the functional experiments, analyzed the data, and wrote the manuscript. C.Z. contributed to the experimental design, provided samples for the structural experiments, carried out and analyzed confocal images of presynaptic terminals, and revised the manuscript. G.L. prepared retroviral stocks, performed immunofluorescence and obtained images of ChR2-positive neurons. C.E.R. contributed to setting up the technique for immuno-electron microscopy of GFP, the analysis of electron micrographs, and the writing and revision of the manuscript. F.H.G. and A.F.S. contributed to the concept, designed the experiments, analyzed the data, wrote the manuscript and provided financial support. In this study, we searched for structural and functional evidence for output synapses of adultborn granule cells. Mossy...

One of the most distinctive and common cell types in Golgi preparations of the hilus of the rat dentate gyrus is the mossy cell. We have used a variety of techniques including the Golgi method, the combined Golgi and electron microscopic (EM) method and the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to study the development, ultrastructure and synaptic connections of this cell type. The mossy cells identified in our light microscopic preparations are characterized by: triangular or multipolar shaped somata; three to four primary dendrites that arise from the soma and bifurcate once or more to produce an extensive dendritic arborization restricted, for the most part, to the hilus; numerous thorny excrescences on their somata and proximal dendrites with typical spines on distal dendrites; and axons that bifurcate and are directed toward the fimbria and the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus. The mossy cells have an immature appearance at birth and on subsequent days their maturation appears to lag somewhat behind that of the hippocampal pyramidal cells. On postnatal day 1, many of the dendrites bear growth cones primarily at their termini and have long, thin filipodia emanating from various points along their lengths. Many of the dendrites enter the molecular layer of the dentate gyrus, though this is rarely seen in the mature brain. Typical pedunculate spines are first commonly seen on the distal dendrites around postnatal day 7 while thorny excrescences are first commonly seen between postnatal days 11 and 14. By postnatal day 21, the dendrites have attained a mature appearance although the density of both typical spines and thorny excrescences is less than that found in adults. Two different retrograde transport methods were used to confirm that mossy cells give rise to the commissural projection to the contralateral dentate gyrus. The first method combined HRP histochemistry with a silver intensification procedure and the second method combined HRP histochemistry with Golgi staining. While the majority of commissurally projecting hilar neurons had the appearance of mossy cells, there were others that were smaller and either ovoid or fusiform. In EM preparations, the somata of mature mossy cells display round nuclei that lack infoldings and intranuclear rods. The perikaryal cytoplasm contains the organelles typically found in pyramidal cells of the hippocampus. Somal spines with complex shapes and branching patterns are commonly observed. The thorny excrescences on the proximal dendrites correspond to spines with long thin stalks and complex end bulbs that may appear mushroom shaped.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Febrile seizures are the most common seizure type in young children. Whether they induce death of hippocampal and amygdala neurons and consequent limbic (temporal lobe) epilepsy has remained controversial, with conflicting data from prospective and retrospective studies. Using an appropriate-age rat model of febrile seizures, we investigated the acute and chronic effects of hyperthermic seizures on neuronal integrity and survival in the hippocampus and amygdala via molecular and neuroanatomical methods. Hyperthermic seizures-but not hyperthermia alone-resulted in numerous argyrophilic neurons in discrete regions of the limbic system; within 24 hr of seizures, a significant proportion of neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala and in the hippocampal CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cell layer were affected. These physicochemical alterations of hippocampal and amygdala neurons persisted for at least 2 weeks but were not accompanied by significant DNA fragmentation, as determined by in situ end labeling. By 4 weeks after the seizures, no significant neuronal dropout in these regions was evident. In conclusion, in the immature rat model, hyperthermic seizures lead to profound, yet primarily transient alterations in neuronal structure.

No abstract

Mossy fiber sprouting into the inner molecular layer of the dentate gyrus is an important neuroplastic change found in animal models of temporal lobe epilepsy and in humans with this type of epilepsy. Recently, we reported in the perforant path stimulation model another neuroplastic change for dentate granule cells following seizures: hilar basal dendrites (HBDs). The present study determined whether status epilepticus-induced HBDs on dentate granule cells occur in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy and whether these dendrites are targeted by mossy fibers. Retrograde transport of biocytin following its ejection into stratum lucidum of CA3 was used to label granule cells for both light and electron microscopy. Granule cells with a heterogeneous morphology, including recurrent basal dendrites, and locations outside the granule cell layer were observed in control preparations. Preparations from both pilocarpine and kainate models of temporal lobe epilepsy also showed granule cells with HBDs. These dendrites branched and extended into the hilus of the dentate gyrus and were shown to be present on 5% of the granule cells in pilocarpine-treated rats with status epilepticus, whereas control rats had virtually none. Electron microscopy was used to determine whether HBDs were postsynaptic to axon terminals in the hilus, a site where mossy fiber collaterals are prevalent. Labeled granule cell axon terminals were found to form asymmetric synapses with labeled HBDs. Also, unlabeled, large mossy fiber boutons were presynaptic to HBDs of granule cells. These results indicate that HBDs are present in the pilocarpine model of temporal lobe epilepsy, confirm the presence of HBDs in the kainate model, and show that HBDs are postsynaptic to mossy fibers. These new mossy fiber synapses with HBDs may contribute to additional recurrent excitatory circuitry for granule cells.