Study results correspond with the overall vision of the Ministry of Health in Ghana, and are instrumental in the assessment of present and future investments in health. Multicriteria decision analysis contributes to transparency and accountability in policymaking.
Effect of steric hindrance resulting
from solvent topography on
the resultant crystal morphology was examined via cooling crystallization
of various carboxylic acids in isomeric butyl and pentyl alcohols.
Our experiments show that the magnitude of hindrance is related to
the degree of branching at the substituted carbon, with hindrance
increasing in the order of 1° < 2° < 3° alcohols.
The resulting crystals displayed a trend of low, intermediate, and
high aspect ratios, corresponding to 1°, 2°, and 3°
alcohols, respectively. In particular, 3° alcohols have a tendency
to yield significantly different crystal morphologies, compared to
1° and 2° alcohols. Hence, the position of the hydroxyl
functional group plays a major role in enhancing or limiting solute–solvent
hydrogen bonding interactions and thereby influencing the resultant
crystal morphology. A simple molecular model, with succinic acid as
test case, was used to demonstrate the extended hydrogen bonding network
and surface chemistry binding at the dominant {100} face. This molecular-level
exploration of solvent–carboxyl hydrogen bonding interaction
at the crystal interface helped explain observed macroscopic morphological
trends.
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