O conceito de projeto de ser é central na obra de Jean-Paul Sartre e aspecto essencial da psicologia existencialista. Sartre toma essa temática da fenomenologia, que aborda a questão do projeto como uma dimensão importante da temporalidade do sujeito, na dinâmica que envolve o futuro. O existencialista aborda essa noção com diferentes designações ao longo de suas obras: projeto fundamental, projeto original e projeto de ser. Esses termos são sinônimos e utilizados em diferentes partes de sua elaboração teórica para elucidar aspectos que se colocam como mais relevantes para cada contexto. Neste ensaio teórico, desenvolvido por meio de uma revisão narrativa da literatura, com base nas obras do próprio Sartre ou de estudiosos e comentadores do filósofo, será utilizado o termo “projeto de ser”, dado que o desafio do método clínico existencialista consiste, justamente, no desvelamento do ser do sujeito, compreendido como ser-no-mundo. Objetiva-se desenvolver a compreensão desse conceito em sua aplicabilidade instrumental no campo da saúde. Para tanto, desenvolve-se a relação desse conceito com os princípios da saúde coletiva - como a questão da integralidade, da territorialidade, da promoção de saúde, da prevenção e do cuidado psicossocial - e suas contribuições para a inteligibilidade de fenômenos, particularmente o sofrimento psíquico e as psicopatologias. Discute-se que alguns conceitos existencialistas podem servir como fundamento epistêmico para a proposta de uma clínica ampliada, constituindo uma contribuição teórica e metodológica para a área.
Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) is a survey of risk and protective factors related to psychosocial behaviors, involving four domains: community, school, family, and peer/individual. The purpose of this scoping review was to evaluate the efficacy of measures of risk and protective factors for drug use by CTCYS, obtained in different cultures and countries, with the aim of cultural adaptation to Brazil. PubMed, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Web of Science were the databases consulted. Besides, we made a consultation with experts in the area and manual search among the references. The study followed the PRISMA protocol. Two reviewers independently undertook the selection and extraction data between January and March 2019, and a third researcher deliberated about the agreements on the process. After applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, we selected 37 articles. Among the results observed in studies with CTCYS, the pair/individual domain showed the most significant association between risk factors for drug use in several countries: having friends who use drugs or who exhibit antisocial behavior, peer attitudes favorable to use was the highlight. In the other domains, the highest risks were: parenting attitudes favorable to drug use, poor management and family conflict, low commitment to the school, perception of drug availability in the community. The consistency of CTCYS findings in different countries demonstrates the efficacy of this instrument to measure risk and protection against drug use. Therefore, it proved to be a reliable tool for prevention research, which can be used in middle-income countries such as Brazil.
Aims The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTCYS) is an assessment for youth risk and protective factors focused on antisocial behaviors, drug abuse, violence, and delinquency. The systematic review aimed to analyze psychometric validations and cross‐cultural adaptation processes of CTCYS to prepare its Brazilian validation. Methods PubMed, SpringerLink, Scopus, and Web of Science were the databases included. The study followed the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses) protocol. Results Twenty articles were selected based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria. In general, the construct validity indexes were considered adequate, and the measures of risk and protective factors were equivalent between ethnic groups, gender, and populations at risk. Reliability values for most scales are good, averaging about 0.78. We found cultural adaptations from six different countries with some satisfactory results, but not so good as the original properties of CTCYS and the adjustments to other ethnic groups or subpopulations in the United States. Conclusion This survey may be a potentially reliable and valid instrument to assess risk and protection in different cultures and populations. However, there is still a gap in the instrument's cross‐cultural adaptation processes.
Jean-Paul Sartre, based on the phenomenological method and existentialist philosophy, described human reality as freedom in situation, understood in the indissoluble unity between itself and itself, that is, between freedom and facticity. Existence of the subject is not given abstractly, it occurs in a concrete space, circumscribed in materiality and acquires meaning in the light of the project of being. In defining the concept of situation, Sartre uses the notions of "my place" and "my surroundings", portraying materiality as a boundary condition of freedom. From this notion of spatiality, the present work aims to establish relations between the Sartrian concept of situation, as defined in Being and Nothingness, and the concept of territory used in several areas of knowledge that approach the relation between person and environment, such as geography, anthropology, ethology, psychology and other areas of health. The multiple possibilities of interdisciplinary interlocution of the notion of territory result from the dynamics of the concept, which is not limited to the physical environment, but brings together social and symbolic aspects in an integrated and dialectical way. Discussing the approximations between the concepts of territory, territoriality and situation contribute to the interdisciplinarity of the different areas that use them in professional practice
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