We reported on a two-dimensional simulation of electrical properties of the radio frequency ͑rf͒ sputter amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O ͑a-IGZO͒ thin-film transistors ͑TFTs͒. The a-IGZO TFT used in this work has the following performance: field-effect mobility ͑ eff ͒ of ϳ12 cm 2 / V s, threshold voltage ͑V th ͒ of ϳ1.15 V, subthreshold swing ͑S͒ of ϳ0.13 V / dec, and on/off ratio over 10 10. To accurately simulate the measured transistor electrical properties, the density-of-states model is developed. The donorlike states are also proposed to be associated with the oxygen vacancy in a-IGZO. The experimental and calculated results show that the rf sputter a-IGZO TFT has a very sharp conduction band-tail slope distribution ͑E a = 13 meV͒ and Ti ohmic-like source/drain contacts with a specific contact resistance lower than 2.7ϫ 10 −3 ⍀ cm 2 .
Tissue plasminogen activator is the only treatment option for stroke victims; however, it has to be administered within 4.5 h after symptom onset, making its use very limited. This report describes a unique target for effective treatment of stroke, even 12 h after onset, by the administration of αB-crystallin (Cryab), an endogenous immunomodulatory neuroprotectant. In
Cryab
−/−
mice, there was increased lesion size and diminished neurologic function after stroke compared with wild-type mice. Increased plasma Cryab was detected after experimental stroke in mice and after stroke in human patients. Administration of Cryab even 12 h after experimental stroke reduced both stroke volume and inflammatory cytokines associated with stroke pathology. Cryab is an endogenous anti-inflammatory and neuroprotectant molecule produced after stroke, whose beneficial properties can be augmented when administered therapeutically after stroke.
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