StudentsBrand Image.
A B S T R A C TThis work focuses on the study of the universities image with the aim of explaining the components of image and attributes of student satisfaction. Our study investigates the relationships between the different components of the university image and to what extent they may affect the students' satisfaction.Hypotheses were drawn setting the relationships between the affective, cognitive and overall image in relation with satisfaction. The results of the empirical work carried out on a representative sample of 763 students located in 8 countries in the Middle East demonstrate that the cognitive component of image is an antecedent of the affective component. In turn, both of these components influence the formation of the overall image of a university. However the affective and overall images statistically and significantly affect the overall satisfaction of students with their university. The research could also be extended to cover the area of the Middle Eastern Basin and study the process of formation of the university image by various publics.
Municipal wastewater management is an important target area for reducing the spread of antibiotic resistance, especially given the parallel increasing need for water reuse. Anaerobic membrane bioreactors (AnMBRs) have the potential to play a key role in safely expanding non-potable wastewater reuse practices. In the present study, the effect of the commencing treatment of municipal wastewater by an AnMBR was evaluated after an extended startup phase using only synthetic wastewater. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) associated with sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and β-lactams were quantified, and effluent microbial community progression was analyzed. Results indicated that the AnMBR effluent inherently harbored all targeted ARGs prior to the introduction of real wastewater (104–109 copies/100 mL effluent). sul1, sul2, and intI1 genes were notably higher initially than other genes and markedly increased after the system was transitioned to municipal wastewater. Although potentially pathogenic bacteria made up over 20% relative abundance of the influent, AnMBR effluents showed a marginalization of these groups as their microbial communities more closely resembled the tightly bound layer of membrane biofilms. This work highlights the need for emerging treatment systems to be evaluated on a basis that incorporates the differentiation of system-associated ARGs and assesses their environmental transmission potential within the effluent communities.
Treated wastewater has been addressed as an alternative water resource to a great extent lately because of major water scarcity faced worldwide. Among wastewater treatment technologies envisaged, anaerobic membrane bioreactors...
In implant related background, preliminary potential bone-defect treatment will increase time schedule for treatment. Indeed, we usually set up two-times surgery: the first step is related only to bonedefect, while the second relates to implant placement. A less common technique offers a single-time surgery for grafting and implant placement. Graft is removed inside-oral and comes to fill in bone-defect. Both graft and alveolar bone are concerned by implant area preparation: implant then stands by with the alveolar bone.Qu'elle soit liée à une pathologie infectieuse, parodontale ou traumatique, la perte des dents s'accompagne d'une réduction du volume osseux résiduel [1]. L'extraction chirurgicale ellemême peut également majorer le déficit osseux. Ces situations représentent une limitation classique à la mise en place d'implant(s) dans une position esthétique et fonctionnelle lors de la réhabilitation prothétique. En fonction du volume osseux et du nombre de parois résiduelles, il existe différentes techniques [2] pour retrouver un volume osseux suffisant permettant d'envisager une solution implantaire pour traiter l'éden-tement [3]. On utilise couramment la régénération osseuse guidée [4,5] et la greffe d'apposition [6,7]. Les déficits importants nécessitent un apport d'os autologue [8]. Pour un secteur limité, la technique la plus classique consiste à réali-ser une greffe d'apposition dans un premier temps et la chirurgie implantaire dans un second temps [9]. Gonzales-Garcia et al.[10] ont montré que la survie de l'implant est meilleure si l'implant est posé dans un second temps chirurgical, mais une autre technique propose de réaliser la greffe et la pose
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