Dengue is a mosquito-borne arboviral disease of grave public health concern worldwide. Early diagnosis and treatment is required to reduce morbidity & mortality from complications caused by secondary dengue infection. According to WHO, the three main diagnostic modalities for the diagnosis of dengue infection are cultivation and identification of viruses, molecular methods, and serology. Whereas virus cultivation is labour intensive and available only in reference laboratories, molecular methods require expensive infrastructure & expertise. Serology on the other hand not only less tedious but is also able to differentiate between primary and secondary dengue. This study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of rapid immunochromatographic assay in the diagnosis of dengue infection as compared to ELISA. The study was conducted in the serology section of the Microbiology laboratory, Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences, Amritsar. Blood samples from 429 patients with clinical suspicion of dengue virus infection were received in the lab from August 2020 to December 2020. All samples were subjected to rapid ICT and ELISA to detect NS1 Ag and IgM antibodies. The majority number of cases were observed in the age group of 31 to 40 years while the gender-wise ratio was 1.43:1 showing male preponderance. Out of 429 samples tested, 156 were reactive for either NS1 antigen or IgM antibodies by the ELISA method. Results of rapid ICT for NS1Ag and results of NS1Ag by ELISA were analyzed and compared. A sensitivity of 81.25% was noted and specificity of 100%. IgM detection by rapid ICT in comparison to IgM ELISA shows a sensitivity of 82.14% and specificity of 100%. Rapid ICT kits performed at par with the ELISA. Rapid immunochromatographic assays are important diagnostic tools in the identification of dengue and early treatment of dengue patients is possible, reducing mortality significantly.
Blood is a sterile, liquid connective tissue. When infected with microbes, grave consequences can occur, such as shock, multiple organ failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and death. The World Health Organization reported 49 million cases of sepsis and 11 million sepsis-related deaths in 2017, accounting for approximately 20% of deaths annually worldwide. Rapid identification of the causative organism and timely, appropriate treatment are required to reduce mortality due to bloodstream infections. This study was conducted to analyze the patterns of various bacteria causing bloodstream infections and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. All blood samples received for diagnosing bloodstream infections at the Microbiology Department of Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, were included in the study, the duration of which was 1 year, from January to December 2020. Blood samples of 5–10 ml from adult and 5 ml from pediatric patients, were collected under aseptic conditions, stored in BACTEC bottles, and processed in an automated BACTEC system before antimicrobial therapy. After 7 days of incubation, if no microbial growth was observed, the sample was reported as sterile for aerobic organisms. When growth was observed, broth from positive blood culture bottles was subcultured on blood and MacConkey agar for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using Vitek 2 according to CLSI (Clinical Lab Standard Institute) guidelines and the manufacturer’s instructions. A total of 441 (14.5%) bacteria were isolated from 3007 blood samples from patients with suspected bacteremia. Contamination was observed at a rate of 2.5%. Gram-positive cocci (49%) were the predominant organisms recovered, followed by Gram-negative bacilli (34%). Gram-positive cocci were coagulase-negative Staphylococci (46%), Staphylococcus aureus (7%), and Enterococcus spp. (6%). Among the Gram-negative bacilli, E.coli (14%), Klebsiella spp. (13%), Acinetobacter baumannii (7%), Pseudomonas spp. (7%), Salmonella typhi (2%), Enterobacter spp. (1%), and Serratia spp. (1%) and single isolates of Aeromonas spp., Morganella morgani, Pantoea spp., Proteus mirabilis, and Providentia rettgeri were identified. Linezolid, teicoplanin, and vancomycin were the most effective drugs for treating Gram-positive bacteremia. Tigecycline, carbapenems, and aminoglycosides were the most effective treatments for Gram-negative bacteremia. The results stress the need for continued screening and surveillance in routine blood culture techniques to start empiric therapy for bloodstream infections.
Introduction: Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii have been known to cause variety of infections, among patients admitted in Intensive Care Unit. Non fermenting Gram-negative bacilli are developing resistance to commonly used antibiotics therefore are becoming difficult to treat Among various enzymes produced by bacteria which lead to drug resistance, extended-spectrumbeta-lactamase (ESBL) enzymesis one of the important mechanism of drug resistance. This study that was conducted a) To detect multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii in patients admitted in ICU patients. b) To determine the prevalence of ESBL producing clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter sp. in the ICU of the tertiary care hospital. Material and Methods: The study was performed in the microbiology department of a North Indian rural tertiary care hospital (Sri Guru Ram Das Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, India) over a period of one year (January 2012 to December 2012). The study included 100 isolates each of Acinetobacter baumannii & P. aeruginosa. Identification of both organisms was done using the standard microbiological techniques as described by Colle et al 1996. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method. To detect ESBL producing isolates phenotypicaly, Disc approximation test was performed. Results: Out of 200 isolates, 100 each of A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa, weobtained 82 isolates from ICU, 57 & 25 A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa respectively. Among these 57A. baumannii isolates 89.47% isolates were resistant to Ceftazidime and among these 33.33% isolates were ESBL producers.Of 25 P.aeruginosa isolates obtained from ICU 84% were found to beresistant to ceftazidime by antibiotic sensitivity testing. Among these 44% were ESBL producers. Conclusion: Our results showed high prevalence ofNon fermenting gram negative bacilli in ICU patient's samples, which were multidrug resistant and producers of Extended spectrum Beta lactamase enzymes.
Objective: Viral hepatitis C infection is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. Chronic HCV infection can cause a wide spectrum of liver disease, potentially leading to severe liver damage, including cirrhosis, organ failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. It accounts for nearly 12-32% of all cases of liver cancer and 10-20% cases of cirrhosis of liver, both of which have high treatment costs and poor outcomes. As route of infection of Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is same, People with HIV infection are at more risk of acquiring Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and the Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection. The co-infection of Hepatitis C virus with HIV accelerates disease progression and also has an effect on the management of patients infected with HIV. The prevalence of HIV co-infection with Hepatitis C virus varies widely. This study is planned to evaluate the prevalence of HIV co-infection with Hepatitis C viruses in North India. Materials and Methods: A total of 25443 patients enrolled in the microbiology lab were retrospectively analyzed for the presence of HCV and HIV infection on the basis of the presence of anti-HCV and anti HIV markers. Results: In patients infected with HIV, the prevalence of co-infection with HCV was 0.07%. The mean age of the study group was 28.7 years. Discussion: The prevalence rate of HCV are increasing in patients infected with HIV. Having acquired the knowledge about the importance of such a co-infection, it is essential that all the patients infected with HIV be screened for HCV co-infection.
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