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This study proposes a new hybrid method that adopts the theory of inventive problem solving and the Kansei evaluation in quality function deployment processes to facilitate innovative new product design and evaluation in the early design phase. The hybrid model and method procedures consist of four stages. First, user satisfaction needs are identified based on a questionnaire of linear numeric rating scale, factor analysis, and an analytic hierarchy process, and the completeness and reliability of this identification are guaranteed by the use of Cronbach's coefficient alpha statistic. Second, crucial design zones are identified by a correlation matrix, and analyzing the interrelationship matrix at the quality function deployment to establish critical innovation points. Third, the main tools of the theory of inventive problem solving are applied to address these critical innovation points. As such, several innovative alternatives are designed by combining the suitable inventive principles, design rulers, and crucial design zones. Finally, a general and rough set for the Kansei evaluation of the best design alternative is presented. Innovative car seat design is conducted to scientifically and efficiently verify this proposed method.

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene (BTEX) possess a negative impact on the environment and human being due to their highly toxic and carcinogenic properties. In this study, persulfate (PS) activated by nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) coupled with chelated L-cysteine (L-cys) process was investigated for BTEX degradation in contaminated groundwater. BTEX degradation had a significant acceleration and improvement with the removal from 62.7 to 100% along with the increasing dosage of L-cys from 0.12 to 0.27 M in 24 h. Further, the compact nZVI catalytic cylinder and nZVI encapsulated L-cys catalytic cylinder were successfully manufactured by encapsulating nZVI, and nZVI and L-cys together with additives of cement, river sand, stearic acid (SA) and zeolite. The SEM image, XRD patterns and FTIR spectra showed that the manufactured catalytic cylinder had a porous structure and encapsulated nZVI and L-cys successfully. Six successive cycles of BTEX degradation were completed and the degradation rate decreased gradually in each cycle. The catalytic activity of nZVI encapsulated L-cys catalytic cylinder was superior to nZVI catalytic cylinder in each cycle. The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) results indicated that HO• was the dominant active species in the BTEX degradation process. Benzoic acid (BA) scavenge experiments showed that L-cys could increase the yield of HO• in the PS/nZVI system. The HO• yields of PS/nZVI encapsulated L-cys catalytic cylinder system were 3.2 to 4.8 folds higher than those of PS/nZVI catalytic cylinder system. The possible mechanisms of PS activation by nZVI encapsulated L-cys catalytic cylinder were supposed. Homogeneous Fenton reaction and heterogeneous catalysis on the nZVI surface are two co-existence mechanisms in the PS/nZVI encapsulated L-cys catalytic cylinder system. The findings of this study provide new insights into the mechanism of nZVI encapsulated L-cys catalytic cylinder activating PS, showing its potential applications for the remediation of groundwater.

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