Ischemic stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease, and its diagnosis, treatment, and study relies on non-invasive imaging. Algorithms for stroke lesion segmentation from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumes are intensely researched, but the reported results are largely incomparable due to different datasets and evaluation schemes. We approached this urgent problem of comparability with the Ischemic Stroke Lesion Segmentation (ISLES) challenge organized in conjunction with the MICCAI 2015 conference. In this paper we propose a common evaluation framework, describe the publicly available datasets, and present the results of the two sub-challenges: Sub-Acute Stroke Lesion Segmentation (SISS) and Stroke Perfusion Estimation (SPES). A total of 16 research groups participated with a wide range of state-of-the-art automatic segmentation algorithms. A thorough analysis of the obtained data enables a critical evaluation of the current state-of-the-art, recommendations for further developments, and the identification of remaining challenges. The segmentation of acute perfusion lesions addressed in SPES was found to be feasible. However, algorithms applied to sub-acute lesion segmentation in SISS still lack accuracy. Overall, no algorithmic characteristic of any method was found to perform superior to the others. Instead, the characteristics of stroke lesion appearances, their evolution, and the observed challenges should be studied in detail. The annotated ISLES image datasets continue to be publicly available through an online evaluation system to serve as an ongoing benchmarking resource (www.isles-challenge.org).

Image segmentation is still an open problem due to the existing of intensity inhomogeneity and noise. To accurately segment images with these biases, a local inhomogeneous intensity clustering (LINC) model is proposed. In LINC, a linear combination of a given set of smooth orthogonal basis functions is used to estimate the bias field. A local clustering criterion function is first defined to cluster the nearly homogeneous intensities in a relatively small neighborhood of each pixel. An energy functional is then defined by integrating the function with respect to the neighborhood center. This energy together with a regularization term and an arc length term are incorporated into a variational level set formulation in which de-nosing is implicitly included due to the implied convolution. Image segmentation and bias correction can be simultaneously achieved by updating variables of the final energy functional iteratively till it is stable or a predetermined iteration number is reached. The proposed model LINC has been extensively tested on both synthetic and real images. Experimental results and comparison with state-of-the-art methods demonstrate the advantages of the proposed model in terms of segmentation accuracy, bias field correction, dealing with noise, and robustness to initialization.

Due to intensity overlaps between interested objects caused by noise and intensity inhomogeneity, image segmentation is still an open problem. In this paper, we propose a framework to segment images in the well-known image model in which intensities of the observed image are viewed as a product of the true image and the bias field. In the proposed framework, a CUDA accelerated non-local means denoising method is first used to remove noise from the image. Then, a bias correction embedded fuzzy c-means (BCEFCM) method is proposed to segment the image and correct the bias field simultaneously. To ensure the slowly and smoothly varying property of the bias field, we convolve it with a normalized kernel as soon as it is updated in each iteration. The proposed framework has been extensively tested on both selected synthetic and real images and public BrainWeb and IBSR datasets. Experimental results and comparison analysis demonstrate that the proposed framework is not only able to deal with noise and correct the bias field but it is also faster and more accurate than state-of-the-art methods.

Experimental results demonstrate the advantages of their method in terms of segmentation accuracy and consistency with the heart anatomy.

Background and Objective Breast cancer is a major cause of mortality among women if not treated in early stages. Recognizing molecular markers from DCE-MRI directly to distinguish the four molecular subtypes without invasive biopsy is helpful for guiding treatment plans for breast cancer, which provides a fast way to consequential treatment plan decision in early time and best opportunity for patients. Methods This study presents an approach of molecular subtypes recognition from breast cancer image phenotypes by radiomics. An improved region growth algorithm with dynamic threshold without user interaction is proposed for cancer lesion segmentation, which gives the precise border of lesion other than area with background. The lesions are extracted automatically based on radiologists' annotation which guarantees the lesion is segmented correctly. Various features are extracted on lesions data including texture, morphology, dynamic kinetics, and statistics features carried out on a large patient cohort, which are used to validate the relationship between image phenotypes and the molecular subtypes. A new algorithm of multimodel-based recursive feature elimination is applied on the radiomics data generated by the feature extraction process. This method obtains the feature subset with stable performance for different classification models, and the gradient boosting decision tree model gets the best results of both classification performance and imbalance performance on molecular subtypes. Result From the experimental results, 69 optimal features from 143 original features are found by the multimodel-based recursive feature elimination algorithms and the gradient boosting decision tree classifier obtains a good performance with accuracy 0.87, precise 0.88, recall 0.87, and F1-score 0.87. The dataset with 637 patients in this paper has serious imbalance problem on different molecular subtypes, and the the robust features that are generated by multimodel-based recursive feature eliminiation algorithm make the gradient boosting decision tree classifier have good behaviors. The recognition precision for the four molecular subtypes of luminal A, luminal B, HER-2, and basal-like are 0.91, 0.89, 0.83, and 0.87, respectively. Conclusions The improved lesion segmentation method gives more precise lesion edge, which not only saves the time of automatic extraction of lesion region of interest without threshold setting for each case, but also prevents the segmentation error by manual and prejudice from different radiologists. The feature selection algorithm of multimodel-based recursive feature elimination has the ability to find robust and optimal features that distinguish the four molecular subtypes from image phenotypes. The gradient boosting decision tree classifier rather plays a main role in recognition than other models used in this paper.