Unintended effects of genetically modified (GM) crops may pose safety issues. Omics techniques provide researchers with useful tools to assess such unintended effects. Proteomics and metabolomics analyses were performed for three GM maize varieties, 2A-7, CC-2, and 2A-7×CC-2 stacked transgenic maize, and the corresponding non-GM parent Zheng58.Proteomics revealed 120, 271 and 135 maize differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the 2A-7/ Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis showed that most DEPs participated in metabolic pathways and the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite. Metabolomics revealed 179, 135 and 131 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) in the 2A-7/Zheng58, CC-2/Zheng58 and 2A-7×CC-2/Zheng58 comparisons, respectively. Based on KEGG enrichment analysis, most DAMs are involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolite and metabolic pathways. According to integrated proteomics and metabolomics analysis, the introduction of exogenous EPSPS did not affect the expression levels of six other enzymes or the abundance of seven metabolites involved in the shikimic acid pathway in CC-2 and 2A-7×CC-2 seeds. Six co-DEPs annotated by integrated proteomics and metabolomics pathway analysis were further analyzed by qRT-PCR.This study successfully employed integrated proteomic and metabolomic technology to assess unintended changes in maize varieties. The results suggest that GM and gene stacking do not cause significantly unintended effects.
A novel, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped, non-motile and moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain BJGMM-B45T , was isolated from a saline-alkali soil collected from Shandong Province, China. Growth of strain BJGMM-B45 T occurred at 10-45 6C (optimum, 30 6C) and pH 5.0-12.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) on Luria-Bertani agar medium with 1-20 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 7-10 %). The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9. The major cellular fatty acids (.5 %) were C 18 : 1 v7c, , 1993). The genus Halomonas is the largest in the family Halomonadaceae. At the time of writing, the genus Halomonas includes more than 80 species with validly published names (http://www.bacterio.cict.fr/h/halomonas. html). Halomonas species are described as halotolerant or halophilic, Gram-negative, aerobic and rod-shaped bacteria (Holt et al., 2000;Dobson & Franzmann, 1996). Most of these species have been isolated from various saline habitats (Ventosa et al., 1998; Arahal et al., 2002b;Mata et al., 2002). In this study, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain BJGMM-B45 T , which was isolated from a saline-alkali soil sample collected from Yellow River (Huanghe) Delta National Reserve Area (37 u 359-38 u 129 N 118 u 339-119 u 209 E) in Dongying City, Shandong Province, China.To isolate halophilic bacteria, a soil sample of approximately 1.0 g was cultivated in 0.9 % physiological saline solution at 30 u C with shaking at 200 r.p.m. for 24 h and then isolated using the 10-fold dilution-plating technique on Luria-Bertani (LB) agar medium with different NaCl concentrations (containing NaCl as indicated, 5 g yeast extract, 10 g tryptone and 15 g agar per litre deionized water, pH 7.0). After 48 h of incubation at 30 u C, a number of colonies had developed on LB agar medium with 10 % NaCl. After preliminary 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, one of the cream-coloured colonies was selected and purified by repeated streaking. Cultures were stored at 280 u C in growth medium supplemented with 15 % glycerol. Unless specified otherwise, morphology and physiological studies were performed with cells grown on LB agar medium with 10 % NaCl at 30 u C and pH 7.0. Two reference strains, Halomonas cupida CGMCC 1.2312 T and Halomonas denitrificans DSM 18045 T , were obtainedThe GenBank/EMBL/DDBJ accession number for the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain BJGMM-B45 T is JQ716246.
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