Analyzing the executions of a buggy software program is essentially a data mining process. Although many interesting methods have been developed to trace crashing bugs (such as memory violation and core dumps), it is still difficult to analyze noncrashing bugs (such as logical errors). In this paper, we develop a novel method to classify the structured traces of program executions using software behavior graphs. By analyzing the correct and incorrect executions, we have made good progress at the isolation of program regions that may lead to the faulty executions. The classification framework is built on an integration of closed graph mining and SVM classification. More interestingly, suspicious regions are identified through the capture of the classification accuracy change, which is measured incrementally during program execution. Our performance study and case-based experiments show that our approach is both effective and efficient.
China's high-speed socioeconomic development has been characterized by rapid urbanization and a series of ecological environment issues, especially air pollution. This paper proposed a comprehensive indicator system for the evaluation of urbanization and the air environment in Wuhan, a metropolis in central China, and then investigated the relationship between urbanization and the air environment from the perspective of coupling coordination theory. Furthermore, a coupling coordination degree model (CCDM) was constructed to estimate the relationship by using panel data collected from 1996-2013. The results showed the following: (1) Spatial urbanization and air environment quality make the greatest contributions to the compound system compared to other first grade indicators, indicating that they are critical factors to consider when the government is making relevant decisions about urban sprawl. (2) The comprehensive level of the air environment initially decreased from 1996-1998 and then increased with fluctuations in Wuhan, with several inflection points, meaning that the variation process of the air environment is unstable and repetitive, and efforts to improve the air environment must persist over a long period of time. Lastly, (3) the degree of coordinated coupling between urbanization and the air environment exhibited an S-shaped curve, indicating that Wuhan changed from having slightly unbalanced development to barely balanced development and then entered into a
OPEN ACCESSAtmosphere 2015, 6 1540 period of superiorly balanced development, with the air environment lagging. Thus, the ambient urban air quality has been subject to great pressure, and the government should continue to take effective action to improve it.
Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to empirically test and extend knowledge of the effects of emotional labor of frontline service employee.
Design/methodology/approach
– The authors examined the effects of emotional labor (surface acting and deep acting) on frontline employee creativity, as well as the mediating effects of different kinds of job stress (hindrance stress and challenge stress) on the relationship between emotional labor and creativity. The research hypotheses were tested using data collected from 416 service employee–supervisor dyads in 82 Chinese local restaurants.
Findings
– Results show that surface acting is negatively related to and deep acting is positively related to frontline employee creativity; surface acting is positively related to hindrance stress, while deep acting is positively related to challenge stress; and hindrance stress mediates the relationship between surface acting and creativity.
Originality/value
– This study extends the consequences of emotional labor to frontline employee creativity from a cognitive perspective. It also advances knowledge about the effects of emotional labor on stress by classifying different kinds of job stress caused by different cognitive appraisals of surfacing acting and deep acting, and revealing the role of hindrance stress as psychological mechanism through which surface acting affects creativity.
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