The French critical zone initiative, called OZCAR (Observatoires de la Zone Critique-Application et Recherche or Critical Zone Observatories-Application and Research) is a National Research Infrastructure (RI). OZCAR-RI is a network of instrumented sites, bringing together 21 pre-existing research observatories monitoring different compartments of the zone situated between "the rock and the sky," the Earth's skin or critical zone (CZ), over the long term. These observatories are regionally based and have specific initial scientific questions, monitoring strategies, databases, and modeling activities. The diversity of OZCAR-RI observatories and sites is well representative of the heterogeneity of the CZ and of the scientific communities studying it. Despite this diversity, all OZCAR-RI sites share a main overarching mandate, which is to monitor, understand, and predict ("earthcast") the fluxes of water and matter of the Earth's near surface and how they will change in response to the "new climatic regime." The vision for OZCAR strategic development aims at designing an open infrastructure, building a national CZ community able to share a systemic representation of the CZ , and educating a new generation of scientists more apt to tackle the wicked problem of the Anthropocene. OZCAR articulates around: (i) a set of common scientific questions and cross-cutting scientific activities using the wealth of OZCAR-RI observatories, (ii) an ambitious instrumental development program, and (iii) a better interaction between data and models to integrate the different time and spatial scales. Internationally, OZCAR-RI aims at strengthening the CZ community by providing a model of organization for pre-existing observatories and by offering CZ instrumented sites. OZCAR is one of two French mirrors of the European Strategy Forum on Research Infrastructure (eLTER-ESFRI) project.
Cet ouvrage présente le fruit de cette réflexion collective. L'objectif est de partager et de mettre en débat ces travaux, en interne et avec nos partenaires de la recherche, du monde agricole et de la société.La création d'INRAE, fruit de la fusion de l'Inra et d'Irstea, l'élargissement des compétences, la mise en place de nouveaux métaprogrammes interdisciplinaires, de projets de territoires d'innovation vont contribuer à amplifier les recherches pour l'agroécologie, à déplacer les fronts de connaissances nécessaires, à mettre la connaissance et la coconstruction au coeur des évolutions des filières et des territoires avec l'ensemble des acteurs concernés.
Can organic agriculture cope without copper for disease control? Synthesis of the Collective Scientific Assessment Report Didier Andrivon, Isabelle Savini, eds 2019 Strategic management of agricultural and life sciences research organisations. Interfaces, processes and contents
Abstract. Several controls are known to affect water quality of stream networks during flow recession periods such as solute leaching processes, surface water – groundwater interactions as well as biogeochemical in-stream retention processes. Throughout the stream network combinations of specific water and solute export rates and local in-stream conditions overlay the biogeochemical signals from upstream sections. Therefore, upstream sections can be considered as functional units which could be distinguished and ordered regarding their relative contribution to nutrient dynamics at the catchment outlet. Based on synoptic sampling of flow and nitrate concentrations along the stream in an agricultural headwater during the summer flow recession period, we determined spatial and temporal patterns of water quality for the whole stream. A data-driven, in-stream-mixing-and-removal model was developed and applied for analyzing the spatio-temporal in-stream retention processes and their effect on the spatio-temporal fluxes of nitrates from sub-catchments. Thereby, we have been able to distinguish between nitrate sinks and sources per stream reaches and sub-catchments. For nitrate sources we have determined their permanent and temporally impact on stream water quality and for nitrate sinks we have found increasing nitrate removal efficiencies from up- to downstream. Our results highlight the importance of distinct nitrate source locations within the watershed for in-stream concentrations and in-stream removal processes, respectively. Thus, our findings contribute to the development of a more dynamic perception of water quality in streams and rivers concerning ecological and sustainable water resources management.
Les principaux résultats obtenus dans le cadre du projet CLIMASTER visent à contribuer au débat sur le changement climatique dans le Grand Ouest de la France. Des analyses de différentes longues chroniques ont porté sur l'évolution climatique en cours. Les analyses sur les températures montrent qu'un degré a été « gagné » en moyenne sur les cinquante dernières années. Sur les précipitations, on note des tendances saisonnières opposées, avec une augmentation l'hiver et une diminution l'été, surtout au nord du Grand Ouest. Vis-à-vis de l'agriculture, des travaux originaux sur les jours agronomiquement disponibles ont été réalisés. Les tendances actuelles et passées des systèmes de culture ont été aussi abordées à partir des chroniques spatiales d'occupation du sol sur des données de télédétection innovantes, sur une décennie. La capacité des acteurs agricoles à prendre en compte l'impact du changement climatique a été caractérisée à partir d'enquêtes, de séminaires d'échanges et de réflexions prospectives au sein de groupes d'agriculteurs. En contrepoint, des enquêtes avec les acteurs de l'eau ont été également réalisées. En conclusion, l'ensemble des travaux de CLIMASTER, les méthodes choisies, le corpus de connaissances élaboré sont là pour « donner à penser » le changement climatique dans le Grand Ouest.
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