Biochars
function as electron transfer mediators and thus catalyze
redox transformations of environmental pollutants. A previous study
has shown that bone char (BC) has high catalytic activity for reduction
of chlorinated ethylenes using layered Fe(II)–Fe(III) hydroxide
(green rust) as reductant. In the present study, we studied the rate
of trichloroethylene (TCE) reduction by green rust in the presence
of BCs obtained at pyrolysis temperatures (PTs) from 450 to 1050 °C.
The reactivity increased with PT, yielding a maximum pseudo-first-order
rate constant (k) of 2.0 h–1 in
the presence of BC pyrolyzed at 950 °C, while no reaction was
seen for BC pyrolyzed at 450 °C. TCE sorption, specific surface
area, extent of graphitization, carbon content, and aromaticity of
the BCs also increased with PT. The electron-accepting capacity (EAC)
of BC peaked at PT of 850 °C, and EAC was linearly correlated
with the sum of concentrations of quinoid, quaternary N, and pyridine-N-oxide
groups measured by XPS. Moreover, no TCE reduction was seen with graphene
nanoparticles and graphitized carbon black, which have high degrees
of graphitization but low EAC values. Further analyses showed that
TCE reduction rates are well correlated with the EAC and the C/H ratio
(proxy of electrical conductivity) of the BCs, strongly indicating
that both electron-accepting functional groups and electron-conducting
domains are crucial for the BC catalytic reactivity. The present study
delineates conditions for designing redox-reactive biochars to be
used for remediation of sites contaminated with chlorinated solvents.
Nanoparticle-doped polymer inclusion membranes (NP-PIMs) have been prepared and characterized as new materials for the removal of arsenate and phosphate from waters. PIMs are made of a polymer, cellulose triacetate (CTA), and an extractant, which interacts with the compound of interest. We have used the ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) as the extractant and have investigated how the addition of nanoparticles can modify membrane properties. To this end, inorganic nanoparticles, such as ferrite (Fe3O4), SiO2 and TiO2, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were blended with the polymer/extractant mixture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and contact angle measurements have been used to characterize the material. Moreover, PIM stability was checked by measuring the mass loss during the experiments. Since Aliquat 336 acts as an anion exchanger, the NP-PIMs have been explored in two different applications: (i) as sorbent materials for the extraction of arsenate and phosphate anions; (ii) as an organic phase for the separation of arsenate and phosphate in a three-phase system. The presence of oleate-coated ferrite NP in the PIM formulation represents an improvement in the efficiency of NP-PIMs used as sorbents; nevertheless, a decrease in the transport efficiency for arsenate but not for phosphate was obtained. The ease with which the NP-PIMs are prepared suggests good potential for future applications in the treatment of polluted water. Future work will address three main aspects: firstly, the implementation of the Fe3O4-PIMs for the removal of As(V) in real water containing complex matrices; secondly, the study of phosphate recovery with other cell designs that allow large volumes of contaminated water to be treated; and thirdly, the investigation of the role of MWCNTs in PIM stability.
Layered double hydroxides (LDH) and their magnetic composites have been intensively investigated as recyclable high-capacity phosphate (P) sorbents but with little attention to their stability as function of pH and phosphate concentration. The stability of a Fe3O4@SiO2-Mg3Fe LDH P sorbent as function of pH (5-11) and orthophosphate (Pi) concentration (1-300 mg P/L) was investigated. The composite has high adsorption capacity (approx. 80 mg P/g) at pH 5 but with fast dissolution of the LDH component resulting in formation of ferrihydrite evidenced by Mössbauer spectroscopy. At pH 7 more than 60 % of the LDH dissolves within 60 min, while at alkaline pH, the LDH is more stable but with less than 40 % adsorption capacity as compared to pH 5. The high Pi sorption at acid to neutral pH is attributed to Pi bonding to the residual ferrihydrite. Under alkaline conditions Pi is sorbed to LDH at low Pi concentration while magnesium phosphates form at higher Pi concentration evidenced by solid-state 31 P MAS NMR, powder X-ray diffraction and chemical analyses. Sorption as function of pH and Pi concentration has been fitted by a Rational 2D function allowing for estimation of Pi sorption and precipitation. In conclusion, the instability of the LDH component limits its application in wastewater treatment from acid to alkaline pH. Future use of magnetic LDH composites requires substantial stabilisation of the LDH component.
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