As a result of global climate change and urban development, the interaction between urban form and carbon emissions has become a frontier issue and a key area of carbon emission research. This paper presents a scientometric analysis of 2439 academic publications between 2002 and 2021 on urban form and carbon emissions to explore the current state of global research and future development potential. Citespace and VOSviewer were the primary analysis tools. The results showed the following: (1) The number of articles published on urban form and carbon emission research shows an increasing trend, especially after 2012. (2) Scientific research institutions and authors in developed countries paid attention sooner to the urban ecological environment. With the deepening of economic globalization, developing countries began to pay more attention to the urban environment. (3) Through an analysis of keyword clusters, timelines, and stacked area charts, the development of the urban form and carbon emissions can be divided into the following three stages. The first is the budding stage, which is characterized by preliminary research on the atmospheric environmental impact factors. The second stage is the development stage, with urban areas becoming the leading research object of carbon theory. The third stage is the mature stage, which is characterized by an emphasis on the optimization of carbon emissions. (4) Finally, the influence of urban form on carbon emissions includes four main aspects: land use, built environment, transportation networks, and development patterns.
Multipath data transmission is a key problem that needs to be solved urgently in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, sensor node failure, link failure, energy exhaustion, and external interference affect the stability and reliability of network data transmission. A multipath transmission strategy for wireless sensor networks based on improved shuffled frog leaping algorithm is proposed. A mathematical model of multipath transmission in wireless sensor networks is established. In the shuffled frog leaping algorithm, combined with the transition probability in the particle swarm optimization algorithm, random individuals in the subgroup are introduced to assist the search when updating the frog individual position, which improves the algorithm's ability to jump out of the local optimum and improves the quality of the optimization algorithm solution. The model is applied to multipath transmission in wireless sensor networks. Then, the shuffled frog leaping algorithm is used to update, divide, and reorganize the sensor nodes to select the optimal node to establish the optimal transmission path and improve the stability and reliability of the network. Simulation experiments show that the algorithm in this paper can ensure the reliability of data transmission, reduce the network packet loss rate and network energy consumption, and reduce the average delay of data transmission.
Although there have been many discussions about the influencing factors of urban expansion, the heterogeneity of the driving mechanisms behind urban form remains poorly understood. Therefore, this paper evaluated the heterogeneous impacts of potential determinants on urban form, considering regional disparities and the stage of development. Based on land use data collected from Landsat ETM and TM scenes, the landscape metrics of urban size, urban centrality, urban shape irregularity, and urban fragmentation were measured to describe the urban form of 265 Chinese cities. We find that the regional disparities and development-stage variations significantly affect urban form. All urban form variables showed a significant stair-stepping difference in cities at various development stages, indicating that as a city upgrades its level of development, the intensity of urban expansion gradually increases, the shape of the urban edge becomes more fragmented and the urban built-up area becomes more compact. Urban form in Chinese cities shows significant geographical heterogeneity in terms of its driving forces. The effect of the socioeconomic factors on urban form also presented changes depending on the development stage. Our results provide helpful references for policymakers within urban spatial structure planning and land resource management.
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