Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-based standards for outdoor air have been promoted (e.g., the National Ambient Air Quality Standards formulated by the U.S.). Due to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, the chemical composition of indoor particulate matter is related to the sources and components of outdoor PM. However, PM in the indoor environment has the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Indoor PM includes particles of outdoor origin that drift indoors and particles that originate from indoor activities, which include cooking, fireplaces, smoking, fuel combustion for heating, human activities, and burning incense. Indoor PM can be enriched with inorganic and organic contaminants, including toxic heavy metals and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds. As a potential health hazard, indoor exposure to PM has received increased attention in recent years because people spend most of their time indoors. In addition, as the quantity, quality, and scope of the research have expanded, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review of indoor PM. This review discusses the sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation of indoor PM. Practical solutions and steps to reduce exposure to indoor PM are also discussed.
Pillar[n]arene-based supramolecular polymers have
attracted great interest because of their tunable morphologies and
external stimuli responsiveness. However, most of the investigations
of supramolecular polymers previously reported were focused on their
formation and transformation, and investigations on their applications
are rare. Herein, we designed and prepared hybrid polymeric materials
by incorporating Pd nanoparticles into a supramolecular polymer, constructed
from a pillar[5]arene dimer and a three-arm guest. The obtained hybrid
polymer was fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission
electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron
microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray mapping, and X-ray diffraction
technologies. Importantly, the hybrid supramolecular polymeric materials
exhibited desirable catalytic activity for reductions of toxic nitroaromatics
and C–C bond-forming Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in aqueous
solution.
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