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Soil net nitrogen mineralization rate (Nmin), which is critical for soil nitrogen availability and plant growth, is thought to be primarily controlled by climate and soil physical and/or chemical properties. However, the role of microbes on regulating soil Nmin has not been evaluated on the global scale. By compiling 1565 observational data points of potential net Nmin from 198 published studies across terrestrial ecosystems, we found that Nmin significantly increased with soil microbial biomass, total nitrogen, and mean annual precipitation, but decreased with soil pH. The variation of Nmin was ascribed predominantly to soil microbial biomass on global and biome scales. Mean annual precipitation, soil pH, and total soil nitrogen significantly influenced Nmin through soil microbes. The structural equation models (SEM) showed that soil substrates were the main factors controlling Nmin when microbial biomass was excluded. Microbe became the primary driver when it was included in SEM analysis. SEM with soil microbial biomass improved the Nmin prediction by 19% in comparison with that devoid of soil microbial biomass. The changes in Nmin contributed the most to global soil NH4+‐N variations in contrast to climate and soil properties. This study reveals the complex interactions of climate, soil properties, and microbes on Nmin and highlights the importance of soil microbial biomass in determining Nmin and nitrogen availability across the globe. The findings necessitate accurate representation of microbes in Earth system models to better predict nitrogen cycle under global change.

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Soil net nitrogen (N) mineralization (N ) is a pivotal process in the global N cycle regulating the N availability of plant growth. Understanding the spatial patterns of N its temperature sensitivity (Q ) and regulatory mechanisms is critical for improving the management of soil nutrients. In this study, we evaluated 379 peer-reviewed scientific papers to explore how N and the Q of N varied among different ecosystems and regions at the global scale. The results showed that N varied significantly among different ecosystems with a global average of 2.41 mg N soil kg day . Furthermore, N significantly decreased with increasing latitude and altitude. The Q varied significantly among different ecosystems with a global average of 2.21, ranging from the highest found in forest soils (2.43) and the lowest found for grassland soils (1.67) and significantly increased with increasing latitude. Path analyses indicated that N was primarily affected by the content of soil organic carbon (C), soil C:N ratio, and clay content, where Q was primarily influenced by the soil C:N ratio and soil pH. Furthermore, the activation energy (E ) of soil N mineralization was significantly and negative correlated with the substrate quality index among all ecosystems, indicating the applicability of the carbon quality temperature hypothesis to soil N mineralization at a global scale. These findings provided empirical evidence supporting that soil N availability, under global warming scenarios, is expected to increase stronger in colder regions as compared with that low-latitude regions due to the higher Q . This may alleviate the restriction of N supply for increased primary productivity at higher latitudes.

Background: Mammalian CAP1 functions in actin dynamics, with elusive mechanisms. Results: Knockdown of CAP1 in HeLa cells leads to alterations in the actin cytoskeleton, cofilin, and FAK phosphorylation and increased cell adhesion and motility. Conclusion: Mammalian CAP1 regulates actin cytoskeleton, cofilin, and FAK phosphorylation as well as cell adhesion. Significance: This work presents a novel function for CAP1 in cell adhesion and insights into the CAP1/cofilin interactions.

A facile, rapid, scalable, and environmentally friendly electrophoretic deposition (EPD) approach has been developed for the fabrication of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) and Ni(OH)(2) syntheses based on EPD of graphene oxide (GO) and Ni(NO(3))(2) colloidal suspension. Nickel ion decoration made GO positively charged and further made cathodic EPD feasible. Direct assembly by one-step EPD facilitated transformation from GO to RGO and resulted in multilayer or flower-like RGO/Ni(OH)(2) hybrid films on different substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis suggested that the crystal structures of Ni(OH)(2) depended on the colloidal suspension and the substrate. Further transmission electron microscopy characterization indicated that Ni(OH)(2) nanoclusters composed of 5-10 nm nanoparticles in grain size were homogeneously dispersed and anchored on the RGO. The resulting 100% binder-free RGO/Ni(OH)(2) electrodes exhibited excellent pseudocapacitive behavior with high specific capacitance of 1404 F g(-1) at 2 A g(-1), high rate capability, and good electrochemical cyclic stability. These results paved the way for EPD to produce RGO-based nanocomposite films for high-performance energy storage devices.

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