No abstract

This study surveyed emissions from 2-and 4-stroke new and in-use motorcycles. Emission tests were carried out on a dynamometer following the designated test procedure of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE). Samples were derived during various driving stages, which included idle, acceleration, 30 km/hr cruise, 50 km/hr cruise, and deceleration. All test motorcycles (10 new and 15 in-use) complied with Taiwan Environmental Protection Administration's Phase III Motorcycle Emission Standards. The dominant volatile organic carbon (VOC) species were isopentane (53 and 295 mg/km, 2-and 4-stroke, respectively), 2-methylpentane (75 and 83 mg/km), 3-methylpentane (34 and 66 mg/km), and toluene (30 and 100 mg/km). The VOC emission factors for the 2-/4-stroke motorcycles were 311/344 (new) and 1479/433 (inuse) mg/km, respectively. In addition, the dominant carbonyl species for the new and in-use motorcycles were formaldehyde (0.4 and 0.7 mg/km, respectively), acetaldehyde (0.6 and 1.2 mg/km), and acetone (0.5 and 0.7 mg/km). The carbonyl compound emission factors for the 2-and 4-stroke motorcycles were 3.2/3.1 (new) and 5.3/ 4.6 (in-use) mg/km, respectively. The ozone formation potentials, based on an ECE test cycle, show that the values from the in-use motorcycles were higher than those from the new motorcycles. The dominant VOC species for the ozone formation potential were propylene (65 and 502 mg-O 3 /km, respectively), isopentane (98 and 501 mg-O 3 /km), 2-methylpentane (152 and 167 mg-O 3 / km), 3-methylpentane (79 and 253 mg-O 3 /km), and toluene (127 and 398 mg-O 3 /km). Further, the dominant carbonyl species were formaldehyde (4.1 and 6.2 mg-O 3 / km, new and in-use, respectively) and acetaldehyde (4.8 and 9 mg-O 3 /km).

Anti-fouling PLA hollow fibers were fabricated using synthesized PLA-PEG-PLA copolymer as an additive to improve the hydrophilicity. The tri-block copolymer was prepared by ring-opening polymerization and a hydrophilic copolymer processing good compatibility with PLA molecule was obtained and utilized to fabricate membrane with PLA by NIPS. Elemental analysis showed that PLA-PEG-PLA could stably exist in membranes and endow the membrane with persistent hydrophilic. Thus the contact angle decreased nearly 20o with 5% PLA-PEG-PLA content, resulting in higher water permeability and BSA rejection which indicated the anti-fouling property of PLA membrane was improved.

Structural design and construction process for a subway station consists of two tunnels with large transection are discussed according to its function and geological conditions of rock mass in this paper. A composite lining is designed to support surrounding rock, and partial bench cut method, side drift method are utilized to build the special subway transfer station in rock mass. The practice of the designed scenario proves to be a great success and attains the safe construction of the station by tunneling method.