Background and Aims. Previous studies have reported a correlation between vitamin D levels and seasonality in healthy populations. However, there are few studies on the seasonal variation in vitamin D levels and its relationship with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The objective of this study was to investigate seasonal changes in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and the associations between these vitamin D concentrations and HbA1c levels in T2DM patients in Hebei, China. Methods. A cross-sectional study of 1,074 individuals with T2DM was conducted from May 2018 to September 2021. Levels of 25(OH)D in these patients were assessed based on both sex and season, and relevant clinical or laboratory variables that could impact vitamin D status were also considered. Results. In the T2DM patient cohort, the mean blood 25(OH)D levels were 17.05 ng/mL. A total of 698 patients (65.0%) had insufficient serum 25(OH)D levels. The vitamin D deficiency rates were significantly higher in the winter and spring compared to the autumn ( P < 0.05 ), indicating that seasonal fluctuations can have a significant impact on 25(OH)D levels. The levels of vitamin D inadequacy were highest in the winter (74%), and females were more likely than males to be deficient (73.4% vs. 59.5%, P < 0.001 ). In comparison to the winter and spring, both males and females showed higher 25(OH)D levels in the summer ( P < 0.001 ). HbA1c levels were 8.9% higher in those with vitamin D deficiencies than in nondeficient patients ( P < 0.001 ). HbA1c and vitamin D levels were negatively correlated (r = −0.119, P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. Vitamin D deficiencies are particularly prevalent among T2DM patients in Hebei, China, with exceptionally high rates in the winter and spring. Female T2DM patients were at an elevated risk of vitamin D deficiency, and vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with HbA1c.
Purpose To evaluate serum cortistatin (CST) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with or without non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and to examine the relationship between CST and NAFLD. Methods A total of 90 T2DM patients, which included 56 NAFLD patients (referred to as DM+NAFLD group) and 34 patients without NAFLD (DM-only group), and 83 non-diabetes individuals that included 39 NAFLD patients (NAFLD-only group) and 44 without NAFLD that acted as the normal-control group (NC group). The differences in the serum CST levels between the groups were compared, and the correlations between CST and other variables were calculated by applying both correlational analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. Results The mean serum CST levels were significantly lower in the DM+NAFLD and DM groups than in the NC group ( P < 0.05). In addition, the CST levels were lower in the DM group relative to that in the NAFLD group ( P < 0.05). However, no statistical difference was noted in the serum CST between diabetic patients with and without NAFLD ( P > 0.05). Similarly, in the non-diabetic group, the serum CST level was not significantly different between individuals with and without NAFLD ( P > 0.05). Furthermore, the serum CST levels were negatively associated with the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and insulin cell function index (HOMA-β). Conversely, the serum CST levels were positively associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). The data obtained through multiple linear regression implied that LDL-C and HOMA-β, but not HOMA-IR, were closely related to serum CST levels. Conclusion T2DM was related to decreased serum CST. However, serum CST was correlated with HOMA-β in T2DM patients, while HOMA-IR was not. There was no correlation between CST and NAFLD.
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