Maotai‐flavor liquor is one of the three basic traditional Chinese baijiu and is also the most famous baijiu in the world. Guizhou Maotai baijiu is the representative of Maotai‐flavor liquor, which has a long history of culture and is prepared using unique brewing methods. However, the main flavor of Maotai‐flavor liquor as well as the mechanism by which its aroma is produced is unclear. In this review, the Da‐qu production and fermentation processes for Maotai‐flavor liquor are briefly described along with the flavoring constituents of Maotai‐flavor liquor that have been recently reported. In addition, the volatile compounds and the aroma derived from Maotai‐flavor liquor are discussed. Finally, the microorganisms for the high‐temperature Daqu and fermentation processes of Maotai‐flavor liquor are discussed. Practical Application Maotai is one of the most famous baijiu in China and the most valuable in the market. However, it is unclear what is the key flavor of Maotai and what microbial metabolism is produced. So, if we can figure out the key flavor substances of Maotai baijiu, we can use the various technology to explore the microbes that produce this flavor to understand the mechanism of the production of Maotai. This will not only achieve breakthroughs in academic value, but also bring higher value to Maotai. On this basis, we can brew Maotai baijiu with better quality according to the fermentation mechanism of Maotai.
The impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on human health is not yet clear because of difficulties in ascertaining their biological effects. In the present study, we evaluated exposure to the EDC, bisphenol A (BPA), in 172 Koreans in relation to biomarkers of susceptibility and effect. The subjects completed questionnaires, which documented occupation, education, lifestyle factors, potential sources of BPA-exposure, and the occurrence of self-diagnosed endocrine disorders. None of the subjects were occupationally exposed to BPA; however, urinary levels of conjugated BPA, determined by HPLC/FD, ranged from 0.03-62.4 microg/l (median, 7.86). The frequencies of potential susceptibility biomarkers, the UGT1A6-Arg184Ser and the SULT1A1-Arg213His polymorphisms, were not associated with urinary BPA levels, either as single genes or in combination. Indirect effects of BPA exposure on the susceptibility to mutagens were evaluated by comparing urinary BPA concentrations with MNNG-induced sister-chromatid exchange (SCE) in lymphocytes cultured from the subjects. BPA exposure showed marginal or significant associations with theSCEs induced by the low doses of MNNG (0-0.4 mM). However, there was no overall association between urinary BPA levels and MNNG-induced frequency at doses ranging from 0.2-0.6 mM. Finally, we did not detect an association between urinary BPA concentration and endocrine-related disorders. Even though we were unable to find a strong association between BPA exposure and a biological response, possibly because of the limited number of subjects, we observed that most of the subjects were exposed to BPA. Therefore, continuous biological monitoring of BPA is a prudent measure to prevent possible BPA-related health risks.
Abstract.To conduct proper biological monitoring of environmental exposure to bisphenol A (BPA), the variation in host susceptibility need to be investigated. For this purpose, we studied effects of genetic polymorphism in sulfotransferase (SULT) 1A1 on urinary BPA, a biomarker for BPA exposure, in 73 Koreans (male, 34; female, 39; age, 48.9 Ϯ 11.9 yrs). We used reverse phase-HPLC/FD for analysis of urinary BPA and obtained information from each subject on lifestyle, environment, and potential exposure to BPA via food. The HPLC/FD method showed good reproducibility (CVs Ͻ 0.1) and a relatively sensitive detection limit of 0.012 g/L. These methods yielded a geometric mean of urinary BPA as 9.54 g/L (8.91 g/g creatinine), with a geometric standard deviation of 8.32 g/L. Among potential routes for BPA exposure, only "vinyl wrapping of microwave heating" indicated a borderline positive association with urinary BPA level ( p ϭ 0
Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a unique bone lesion that is characterized by an excessive number of multinucleated osteoclasts. GCT consists of neoplastic stromal cells, multinucleated osteoclasts and their precursors, thus serving as a naturally occurring human disease model for the study of osteoclastogenesis. It still remains unclear how stromal cells of GCT recruit osteoclast precursors. In the present study, we characterized the cellular components of GCT and confirmed the presence of C D 14+-monocytes/CD68'-macrophages and CD34+-heniatopoetic stem cells that express CXCR4, a specific receptor for SDF-1; SDF-1 gene expression and presence of SDF-1 protein were confirmed by real time RT-PCR, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry in the GCT tissue and cultured cells. SDF-1 was present at 25-50ng/ml in the conditioned media from the GCT cultures, which is in the range of physiological chemotactic concentration. Migration of osteoclast precursors was 2.5-fold higher in response to GCT conditioned media compared to the control media; and migration was inhibited by an average of 36% with anti-SDF-1 neutralizing antibody or competing recombinant SDF-1. These results suggest that SDF-1 is one of the significant chemoattractant factors involved in the recruitment of hematopoietic osteoclast precursor cells during tumor-induced osteoclastogenesis.
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