2008 Wenchuan earthquake has showed that failure of masonry walls is one of the major causes of material damage and loss of human life due to seismic events. Therefore, study of masonry walls seismic behavior and development of effective and practical retrofitting schemes is an urgent need. So this work presents an experimental program that investigates in-plane seismic behavior of common types of shale masonry walls before and after retrofitting using epoxy resin injection technique. In this experimental study, the primary objective was to evaluate the efficiency of this retrofitting method on masonry walls. The results of this study shows that using epoxy resin injection technique increased the in-plane maximum strength, the ductility, the initial stiffness value, the stiffness, and the energy dissipated during all the loading stages, and decreased the ductility factor.
Atmospheric particulate matter pollution is of an important factor affecting air quality in urban area, particularly in those having diameter less than 2.5μm (PM2.5). PM2.5 was extensively concerned about their potential threat to human health due to strong adsorption to organic compounds and heavy metal. It has been found that most of the organics and heavy metals involved are toxic and would cause the respiratory diseases, while some are even genotoxic and carcinogenic. PM2.5 was also found a correlation with disease incidence and mortality increased. Therefore, PM2.5 pollution is becoming urgent environmental issue. It needs more and more researches paying more efforts to this work. This paper reviewed the characteristic distribution and hazard of PM2.5 and further discussed the formation mechanism, the source apportionment technology and component analysis methods.
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