The WRKY transcription factors are a class of transcriptional regulators that are ubiquitous in plants, wherein they play key roles in various physiological activities, including responses to stress. Specifically, WRKY transcription factors mediate plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses through the binding of their conserved domain to the W-box element of the target gene promoter and the subsequent activation or inhibition of transcription (self-regulation or cross-regulation). In this review, the progress in the research on the regulatory effects of WRKY transcription factors on plant responses to external stresses is summarized, with a particular focus on the structural characteristics, classifications, biological functions, effects on plant secondary metabolism, regulatory networks, and other aspects of WRKY transcription factors. Future research and prospects in this field are also proposed.
The price of vegetables is difficult to predict. In order to find an effective method, this paper fully considers the seasonal variations, and uses the seasonal auto regressive integrated moving average model (SARIMA) to forecast the cucumber price. The experimental results indicate that the SARIMA(1,0,1)(1,1,1)12 fits the cucumber market prices exactly in the previous months. Its average fitting error is 17%. The forecast data of twelve months in 2011 is in line with the actual trend. Its average error reaches 25%. The SARIMA model is feasible for short-term warning of vegetable price.
To overcome the disadvantages that image analysis of agricultural disease diagnosis was not practical in the field, and the expert diagnosis system had an unsatisfied correct rate, a diagnostic model based on fuzzy rule and BP neural network (back propagation neural network) was constructed. The input vector in the model was formed by a unified description of symptoms using plant protection terms and combined with the membership. The intelligent diagnostic system of vegetable diseases based on the diagnostic model was developed by the mixed programming of Visual C # and Matlab. The test shows that the diagnostic correct rate of the system is 88.95%, and it has better fault tolerance and practical value.
CYCLOIDEA (CYC)-like genes belong to the TCP transcription factor family and play important roles associated with flower development. The CYC-like genes in the CYC1, CYC2, and CYC3 clades resulted from gene duplication events. The CYC2 clade includes the largest number of members that are crucial regulators of floral symmetry. To date, studies on CYC-like genes have mainly focused on plants with actinomorphic and zygomorphic flowers, including Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Scrophulariaceae, and Gesneriaceae species and the effects of CYC-like gene duplication events and diverse spatiotemporal expression patterns on flower development. The CYC-like genes generally affect petal morphological characteristics and stamen development, as well as stem and leaf growth, flower differentiation and development, and branching in most angiosperms. As the relevant research scope has expanded, studies have increasingly focused on the molecular mechanisms regulating CYC-like genes with different functions related to flower development and the phylogenetic relationships among these genes. We summarize the status of research on the CYC-like genes in angiosperms, such as the limited research conducted on CYC1 and CYC3 clade members, the necessity to functionally characterize the CYC-like genes in more plant groups, the need for investigation of the regulatory elements upstream of CYC-like genes, and exploration of the phylogenetic relationships and expression of CYC-like genes with new techniques and methods. This review provides theoretical guidance and ideas for future research on CYC-like genes.
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