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Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Kegel exercises on reducing urinary incontinence symptoms in women with stress urinary incontinence. Methods. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were conducted on females with stress urinary incontinence who had done Kegel exercises and met inclusion criteria in articles published between 1966 and 2012. The articles from periodicals indexed in KoreaMed, NDSL, Ovid Medline, Embase, Scopus, and other databases were selected, using key terms such as "Kegel" or "pelvic floor exercise. " Cochrane's risk of bias was applied to assess the internal validity of the RCTs. Eleven selected studies were analyzed by meta-analysis using RevMan 5.1. Results. Eleven trials involving 510 women met the inclusion criteria. All trials contributed data to one or more of the main or secondary outcomes. They indicated that Kegel exercises significantly reduced the urinary incontinence symptoms of female stress urinary incontinence. There was no heterogeneity in the selected studies except the standardized bladder volumes of the pad test. Conclusion. There is some evidence that, for women with stress urinary incontinence, Kegel exercises may help manage urinary incontinence. However, while these results are helpful for understanding how to treat or cure stress urinary incontinence, further research is still required.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the accuracy of infrared tympanic temperaturemeasurements compared to other methods of measuring temperature to detect fever in adults. Studies published between 1966 and 2012 from periodicals indexed in Ovid Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane, KoreaMed, NDSL, KERIS and other databases were selected using the following keywords: "infrared thermometer." QUADAS-II was utilized to assess the internal validity of the diagnostic studies. Selected studies were analyzed through a meta-analysis using MetaDisc 1.4.The analysis included fifteen diagnostic studies with high methodological quality, involving 1,468 subjects in total. The results of the metaanalysis showed that the pooled sensitivity, specificity and area under the curve (AUC) of infrared tympanic thermometers in adults over 18 years were 0.59 (95% CI 0.55, 0.63), 0.91 (95% CI 0.90, 0.92), and 0.85, respectively. For oral temperature readings, the pooled sensitivity was 0.61(95% CI 0.53, 0.68), the pooled specificity was 0.93 (95% CI 0.90, 0.95), and the AUC was 0.74. The meta-analysis results of infrared tympanic temperature in this study wereinterpreted in comparison to other non-invasive temperature measurement systems. The results of this study found that the diagnostic accuracy of infrared tympanic temperature measurements was not less than that of oral temperature measurements.

Accumulation of more than 20,000,000 vehicles since the establishment of the quality of life and economic development needs several parking lots and cause crack problem in Korea. Related structures in large cities due to the lack of parking garage attached to secure underground parking structures are actively being built, and the basement parking lot will continue to increase more stories and the trend is expected to be larger. But so far, construction of the underground parking structure is related to a number of problems, including cracks in the structure. Therefore, in this study, repair, reinforcement and a few non-economic losses in the current design criteria are presented. The review of the structure used to current design criteria is to minimize crack and maximize usability.