Vasoplegia observed post cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with substantial morbidity, multiple organ failure and mortality. Circulating counts of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are potential markers of neo-vascularization and vascular repair. However, the significance of changes in the circulating levels of these progenitors in perioperative CPB, and their association with post-CPB vasoplegia, are currently unexplored. We enumerated HSC and EPC counts, via flow cytometry, at different time-points during CPB in 19 individuals who underwent elective cardiac surgery. These 19 individuals were categorized into two groups based on severity of post-operative vasoplegia, a clinically insignificant vasoplegic Group 1 (G1) and a clinically significant vasoplegic Group 2 (G2). Differential changes in progenitor cell counts during different stages of surgery were compared across these two groups. Machine-learning classifiers (logistic regression and gradient boosting) were employed to determine if differential changes in progenitor counts could aid the classification of individuals into these groups. Enumerating progenitor cells revealed an early and significant increase in the circulating counts of CD34+ and CD34+CD133+ hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in G1 individuals, while these counts were attenuated in G2 individuals. Additionally, EPCs (CD34+VEGFR2+) were lower in G2 individuals compared to G1. Gradient boosting outperformed logistic regression in assessing the vasoplegia grouping based on the fold change in circulating CD 34+ levels. Our findings indicate that a lack of early response of CD34+ cells and CD34+CD133+ HSCs might serve as an early marker for development of clinically significant vasoplegia after CPB.
Vasoplegia observed post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), is associated with substantial morbidity, multiple organ failure and mortality. Circulating counts of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are potential markers of neovascularization and vascular repair. However, changes in the circulating levels of these progenitors in perioperative CPB and their association with post-CPB vasoplegia remains to be determined. HSC and EPC counts were enumerated at different timepoints during CPB in 19 individuals who underwent elective cardiac surgery via flow cytometry. These 19 individuals were categorized into two groups based on severity of post-operative vasoplegia as: clinically insignificant vasoplegic Group 1 (G1) and clinically significant vasoplegic Group 2 (G2). The differential changes in progenitor cell counts during different stages of surgery were compared across these two groups.Machine-learning classifiers (logistic regression and gradient boosting) were employed to determine if differential changes in progenitor counts could differentiate and group subjects based on the severity of vasoplegia. Enumeration of progenitor cells revealed an early and significant increase in the circulating counts of CD34 + and CD34 + CD133 + hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) in G1 subjects which was attenuated in G2 individuals.Additionally, EPCs (CD34 + VEGFR2 + ) were lower in G2 individuals compared to G1.Gradient boosting outperformed logistic regression in assessing the vasoplegia grouping based on fold change in circulating CD 34 + levels. Our findings indicate that a lack of early response of CD34 + cells and CD34 + CD133 + HSCs might serve as an early marker for development of clinically significant vasoplegia after CPB.
Fetal growth is monitored periodically during pregnancy via ultrasound measurements of fetal dimensions such as femur length (FL), head circumference (HC), abdominal circumference (AC), and biparietal diameter (BPD). Multiple growth standards have been published for each of these, which are clinically used to place a fetus on a “growth chart”. These consist of percentile tables varying by weeks of gestation, computed from cohorts of “low-risk” women with healthy lifestyles, living conditions, and clinical parameters. Such charts are prescriptive of ideal growth, but not necessarily descriptive of diverse real-world populations where they may be used. Moreover, they are constructed by pooling all fetal measurements across the cohort, not based on a growth model, and therefore not necessarily predictive of growth of an individual fetus.We show that the Gompertz model, a standard model for constrained growth, with just three intuitive parameters, convincingly fits the growth of fetal ultrasound biometries. Two of these parameters—t0(the inflection time) andc(the rate of decrease of growth rate)—can be treated as universal to all fetuses, while the third parameterAcan be modeled as an overall scale parameter specific to each fetus, which captures the individual variation in growth. On our cohort of 817 pregnant women (“Seethapathy cohort”), we show that not only can the value ofAfor each fetus be inferred from ultrasound data available by the second or the third trimester, but the weight of the baby at delivery can also be predicted with remarkable accuracy using these inferred Gompertz parameters. A model trained on the Seethapathy cohort performs well in estimating the birth weight in an independent validation cohort of 365 women, demonstrating the predictive power of the model. Moreover, we find that deviation from Gompertz-like growth is linked to neonatal complications. Finally, we show that the Gompertz growth curve is a close fit to the standards from WHO, NICHD and INTERGROWTH, with the optimalt0andcclose to that in the Seethapathy cohort. We propose that the Gompertz formula be a basis for future growth standards, with almost all variation described by a single scale parameterA, which can serve either as a descriptor of mean or variance in population, or as a descriptor for growth of an individual fetus. Indeed, the formula is descriptive of typical growth, predictive of future growth, and may be used in prescriptive standards.
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