This paper applies a life-course perspective to the problem of early pregnancy and pregnancy-related mortality and morbidity in adolescents in developing countries. It describes the contribution that two categories of “pregnancy-focused” programmes make—firstly, the provision of effective care and support in the antenatal, childbirth, and postnatal periods (downstream programmes), and secondly, the provision of effective promotive, preventive, and curative care in the prepregnancy period (midstream programmes). It then makes the case for these pregnancy-focused programmes to be set within the context of a third type of programmes, upstream programmes, that is, the provision of promotive and preventive care that contributes to children and adolescents—both male and female—being well nourished, healthy, knowledgeable about their health, and motivated and empowered to protect their health. It provides examples of successful initiatives of all three types of programmes. Finally, it discusses some practical considerations in planning, implementing, and monitoring these three programmes in a coherent manner.

Problem statement: This research study presented the durability performance of glass fibre reinforced concrete. Approach: The influence of fiber content on the durability performance of glass fibre reinforced concrete specimens having different percentage of glass fibres with varying grades of concrete were investigated. Results: The parameter of investigation included rapid chloride permeability test for a period of 365 days. Specimens of 100×150 mm cylinders were cast and tested to study their parameters. The specimens incorporated with addition of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.10% of glass fibres in M30, M40 and M50 grades of concrete. The durability performances of glass fibre reinforced concrete were compared with that of plain concrete. Conclusion/Recommendations: The results show that addition of glass fibres improves that durability performance appreciably

Objective:To analyze the prevalence and pattern of self-medication and the various socio-demographic factors that influence self-medication in elderly patients and also assess the impact of education intervention on self-medication knowledge, attitude in elderly patients. Methodology: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on Bangalore area such as Bellandur, Carmelaram, Kaikondrahalli and Naganahalli over the period of 6months in 320 subjects. The demographic, clinical and social data were collected into specially designed case report form. The assessment of self-medication was carried out using modified structured questionnaire 11 on the day zero and 30. The patient education intervention was carried out on the day zero. The patient education intervention about self-medication was carried out verbally as well as by providing patient education information leaflets. Whenever they practiced self-medication they were asked to mark in the calendar and the data was analyzed. Results: The data on assessment of self-medication in elderly were collected from 320 study participants, a significant correlation was observed for elderly aged above 65 years aged above. Moderate correlation for economic status, education and occupation were found. Significant correlation was observed with medical history of the patient. Fever 66.25%, headache 54.68%, cough and cold 38.43%, were the most common illness where self-medication being used. Antipyretic 58.5%, anti-histamine 34.68%, anti-diabetic 19.68% were most commonly used self-medicating drugs. Pharmacist 79.30%, self-decision 30.93% and care takers 25% were the most common source for information about self-medication. Time saving 68.75%, no need to visit doctor for minor illness61.25 %, previous use of medication 55.93% and economic 53.43% were the major reason for self-medication. Conclusion:The results indicate that self-medication is widespread among elderly and 100% of elderly from the study population practiced self-medication without consulting the physician. The various factors like reason, indication and source associated with self-medication were analyzed during the study. A significant association between knowledge and attitude among the study population was drawn from the pre and post studies. The intervention will require better patient education of the public and health professionals to avoid the irrational use of drugs.

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Sanitary sewer normal flow is usually estimated using domestic average daily flows estimated using per capita consumption (McGhee 1991). This research work was conducted for the sanitary sewer system of the Town of Highland, Indiana. The sanitary and storm sewer systems were separated in 1980's. Sanitary sewer discharge from this town is delivered to nearby town called Hammond, which operates the waste water treatment plant through two outlets. For this study 5 th street basin which contributes 60% of the load was considered. Normal loads are usually handled comfortably by this system. But during high rainfall events, the sanitary sewer flow to Hammond is regulated due to capacity constraints. Town of Highland initiated a modeling process to plan and design suitable alternates to avoid this issue.Using USEPA SWMM modeling software version 5, the Town of Highland sewer system was modeled in this study. Using Tiger Census data, the population statistics were extracted for the town. Using ARC GIS software, the landuse and soil details were extracted and used in this modeling. The whole system was subdivided into 15 sub watersheds. At all the fifteen subwatershed outlets, flow meters were installed and observations were made by covering low and high flow events. Using EPA recommended daily typical variations in daily

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