No abstract

The present study demonstrates the tuning of optical characteristics of porous silicon (PSi)-based microcavities by N ion beam interactions. These optical microcavities are prepared by using electrochemical etching of heavily doped p+-type Si. The PSi microcavities were exposed to N ions of 200 keV and 1 MeV at an optimized ion fluence of 1 × 1015 ions cm−2. A significant red-shifting of 32 ∼ 60 nm in the resonance cavity mode was observed due to ion interaction. The experimental results are in good agreement with the transfer matrix simulations. A substantial modification of the PSi microcavity surface states is visualized through Raman and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. The Raman spectral results show modifications from crystalline Si to nanostructured Si and subsequently to amorphous Si. The XPS indicates the modification of Si–Si and Si–O bonds and the formation of new Si–N bonds, implying the presence of Si3N4. These experimental observations, along with analytical simulations and transfer-matrix method microcavity modeling, conclusively support the realization of cavity tunability and substantial modification in the optical field intensity and photon confinement within the spacer layer of the microcavity. These results suggest that ion beams are the effective tool to produce wider tunable optical properties in microcavities with highly stable designer optical structures suitable for photonic applications.

The topic of discussion and research is wireless sensor network and it just because it is an always application based. The research on wireless sensor networks has recently received much attention by offering an advantage of monitoring different kinds of environments by sensing their physical phenomenon. There are some important parameters are like prolonged network lifetime, scalability, and load balancing for many sensor network applications. Clustering in sensor nodes is an effective technique for achieving efficiency in these parameters. In this work, a prototype energy efficient LEACH algorithm has been written on the basis of energy impact factor for wireless sensor network applications. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy is one of popular cluster-based structures, which has been widely used in wireless sensor networks. To maintain balanced energy consumption LEACH uses TDMA. The prototyped protocol adds feature to LEACH to reduce the consumption of the network resource in each round.

The present investigation reports the optical characteristics of the porous Si (PSi) based microcavities before and after energetic He+ and H+ ion irradiations. These PSi microcavities were fabricated by the galvanostatic electrochemical etching process and irradiated with 35 keV He+ and H+ ions with three different ion fluences: 1 × 1015, 5 × 1015, and 1 × 1016 ions/cm2. Significant color contrast is evident in the reflection images after ion irradiation. These reflection spectra of the optical microcavities are systematically investigated before and after ion irradiations. The dominant resonant cavity peak of the microcavity shows a notable shift of ∼28–48 and ∼17–26 nm toward the higher wavelength region with He+ and H+ ion irradiations at various ion fluences, respectively. The relative changes in the cavity wavelengths are about ∼5%–10% and ∼3%–5% for He+ and H+ ion irradiations, respectively. The redshift in the reflectance spectra is attributed to modification in the refractive index of microcavities induced by He+ and H+ ions. These experimental results compare well with the ion propagation and transfer matrix method simulations. The observed changes in the optical properties arise due to surface modification of the Si–Si and Si–O bonds and thereby refractive index modification of individual PSi layers of the microcavity. This study establishes that low-energetic ions produce broadly optically tunable and photonic structures suitable for optoelectronic applications.

Kati Basti included under various external procedures of Ayurveda, having variety of actions like the Bahya Snehana (external oleation), Swedana Chikitsa (fomentation therapy). Kati Basti is indicated in various disorders of spine and back like backache, lumbar spondylosis, sciatica, degenerative disc changes etc. Low back pain is most common complaint with a prevalence of 65 to 90%. Improper sitting postures, traveling, use of two wheeler and sports activities are few important causes of backache. Sciatica often used to describe low back pain that spreads (radiates) through the hip, to the back of the thigh, and down the inside of the leg which closely resembles with Gridhrasi. In Sharanghadhara Samhita use of Prabhanjana Taila in Ghridhrasi Vyadhi has been indicated, hence an attempt was made to compare clinically the efficacy of Kati Basti with Prabhanjanam Taila and Moorchita Tila Taila in Gridhrasi with special reference to sciatica.

No abstract

Sciatica is a painful ailment caused by the pathology of the sciatic nerve or the sciatic nerve root. Pain and paresthesia in the sciatic nerve distribution or a lumbosacral nerve root are common in patients with this condition. A herniated disc with nerve root compression is the most common cause of sciatica; however lumbar stenoses and (less frequently) tumors are also probable causes. In general, 5 to 10 percent of people with low back pain have sciatica, but the lifetime prevalence of low back pain is reported to range from 49% to 70%. Gridhrasi having the same symptomatology as sciatica described in ayurvedic classics under vata vyadhi, is a condition in which pain, stiffness, gripping, and pulsations begin in the buttocks [gluteal region] and progress to the posterior aspect of the Kati (pelvis and lumbosacral regions), Uru (thigh), Jaanu (behind the knee), Jangha (leg), and Pada (foot). Among different modalities of treatment described in Ayurveda, Kati Basti is the most popular and commonly practiced one. In the present study an effort has been made to treat 30 patients of Gridhrasi with Kati Basti with Prasarini Taila and Tila taila separately in two groups. The treatment was given 48 minute long daily for seven days. The assessment was done by analyzing the changes in clinical signs and symptoms before and after treatment. The majority of patients (93.33 percent) improved after treatment. In this study, kati basti with prasarini taila outperformed moorchita tila taila in terms of reducing Gridhrasi or sciatica signs and symptoms. The snehana property of oil and medications in Prasarini taila was helpful in the relief of gridhrasi, as well as the swedana impact of Kati Basti.

No abstract