The present study aims to understand evolution of the Lesser Himalaya, which consists of (meta) sedimentary and crystalline rocks. Field studies, microscopic and rock magnetic investigations have been carried out on the rocks near the South Almora Thrust (SAT) and the North Almora Thrust (NAT), which separates the Almora Crystalline Zone (ACZ) from the Lesser Himalayan sequences (LHS). The results show that along the South Almora Thrust, the deformation is persistent; however, near the NAT deformation pattern is complex and implies overprinting of original shear sense by a younger deformational event. We attribute this overprinting to late stage back-thrusting along NAT, active after the emplacement of ACZ. During this late stage back-thrusting, rocks of the ACZ and LHS were coupled. Back-thrusts originated below the Lesser Himalayan rocks, probably from the Main Boundary Thrust, and propagated across the sedimentary and crystalline rocks. This study provides new results from multiple investigations, and enhances our understanding of the evolution of the ACZ.
In urban environment especially in the trans-urban regions the changes in land-cover features are quite frequent and substantial. With availability of medium resolution satellite-data reliable and timely information on changes in land-cover features in the peripheral areas of the urban settlement could be generated. In a case study presented here, we have analyzed the land-cover changes in the trans-urban area of Hyderabad metropolitan city using bi-temporal Resourcesat -1 and-2 Linear Imaging self-scanning Sensor (LISS-III) data for the period 2005 and 2011. Radiometric normalization using dark object subtraction (DOS) method followed by co-registration of georeferenced datasets was carried out. Subsequently, image analysis for deriving land-cover features was carried out using Gaussian Maximum likelihood classifier (MLC). The results show that because of urbanization the most notable changes in spatial extent have occurred in the scrubs areas followed by cropland. The article describes in detail the changes that have taken place in the land cover features.
Due to urbanization, the incessant growth and development occurring in the peri-urban region, has led to a significant transformations of land-use/ land-cover pattern especially in built-up areas. As a result, there has been an expansion of impervious land (concretization) which has significantly affected the surface runoff behavior in the urban realm. Scenarios like urban floods, water pollution and soil degradation are some of the major consequences of changes in runoff pattern. It calls for an objective assessment and the study temporal behavior of surface runoff pattern for taking up any preventive and/or curative measures. Timely and reliable information on surface runoff in spatial domain is a pre-requisite in this endeavor. Space-borne multispectral and multi-temporal measurements hold a great promise in analyzing land-use/land cover patterns and their temporal behavior, and its impact on the runoff in a timely and cost-effective manner. A study was taken up in Serilingampally Mandal of Rangareddy district, a peri-urban area of Hyderabad city, Telangana state for assessment and monitoring of surface runoff patterns using Landsat-MSS data and Resourcesat 2 LISS-IV data collected in 1975 and 2016, respectively through heads-up/on-screen visual interpretation approach. Initially, the information on land use/cover pattern was generated to assess the growth of the urban settlements. Subsequently the corresponding increase in surface runoff during the monsoon seasons (June-October) 1975 and 2016 were computed using SCS (Soil Conservation Service) curve number method. Results indicate a sharp increase in built up land from 0.91% to 69.36%. During the period 1975-2016 with consequent higher runoff to the tune of 27.5% as compared 1975 period.
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