Background: Postmenopausal females are susceptible to osteoporosis due to clinical manifestations. It not only causes morbidity; but, is considered to strikingly decline quality of life among patients. Among different developing regions, the prevalence rate of osteoporosis among postmenopausal women is alarming in the face of poor management and awareness about its risk factors. Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of osteoporosis and its known risk factors among postmenopausal women appearing for bone mineral density in Karachi.Methodology: This descriptive cross-sectional study was undertaken from the period of "March 2006 to March 2007" in "Aga Khan University hospital", Karachi. A total of 245 females, who came to the radiology department at Aga Khan Hospital for DXA scan, were recruited. All the relevant data was collected through questionnaires. Data analysis was undertaken by using SPSS version 11.5 to generate frequencies and proportion percentages. Results:The study demonstrated that 99 females (40%) amongst all subjects were osteopenic, 114 females (47%) were osteoporotic; whereas, 32 females (13%) were normal. A decline was observed in bone mineral density with advancing age and duration of menopause. The distribution of osteoporosis was observed to be common in women, who had more children, low BMI, history of prior fractures, history of premature menopause, and were avoiding exercise. Conclusion:This study confirmed a high frequency of osteoporosis and osteopenia in postmenopausal women. Therefore, early screening is required to detect the decrease in bone mineral density among postmenopausal females to prevent fragility fracture. There is an imperative requirement for vast public awareness in this regard.
Exercise is a crucial strategy for diabetes management. However, the majority of patients with Type 2 diabetes seem reluctant to do physical activity. It increases the need of investigating the factors that are responsible for their non-exercising routine. This study aims to recognize the psychological and social barriers that prevent patients with diabetes mellitus to do exercise. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a total of 275 patients with type 2 diabetes attending family medicine outpatient clinics for the last six months. The questionnaire has been designed to collect data regarding psychological and social barriers to exercise. A comparison of social and psychological barriers with general characteristics was performed. The findings of the study reveal that all the general characteristics were significantly associated with psychological and social barriers. The patients reported that lack of interest, no willpower, a feeling of depression, unaffordability, and time barriers were the most frequent barriers among social and psychological barriers to exercise.
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