Realizing highly immersive tactile interactions requires a skin-integrated, untethered, high-definition tactile transducer devices that can record and generate tactile stimuli. However, the rigid and bulky form factor, and insufficient resolution of existing actuators are hindering the reproduction of sophisticated tactile sensations and immersive user experiences. Here, we demonstrate an ultra-flexible tactile interface with high spatial resolution of 1.8 mm for telehaptic communication on human skin. Dual mechanism sensors and sub-mm scale piezoceramic actuators are designed to record and generate the static and dynamic pressures in a wide frequency range (1 Hz to 1 kHz). Moreover, actuators are integrated on ultra-flexible substrate with chessboard pattern to minimize stress during mechanical deformations. Finally, remote transmissions of various tactile stimuli, such as shapes, textures, and vibration patterns were demonstrated by the telehaptic system with low latency (<1.55 ms) and high fidelity as proven by the short-time Fourier-transform analysis.

One of the most promising applications of TCEs is a large-area transparent heater on the front window in automobiles, which allows convenient removal of fog on the indoor side of the windshield and frost on its outdoor surface. Considering that windshield fogging frequently occurs during driving, convenient way of fog removal on windshield can be directly related with safety of the people on board. Moreover, recent trend in the increasing demand of electrical automobiles is expected to generate a huge market for TCE technology, since electrical automobiles do not come with the air-blowing system, which is used in defogging and defrosting on windshield. Generally, it is understood that the critical technology in transparent heater is to achieve ultralow sheet resistance below 0.5 Ω □ −1 , while keeping the transmittance over 70% at the same time. Since the voltage of automobile batteries ranges only 12 to 16 V, the area of the most automobile windshields is over 1.0 m 2 and the gap between electrodes is over 700 mm, [3] achieving low-enough sheet resistance to be viable for real application is understood to be a difficult mission. As far as we have done searches in the related fields, no TCEs have been developed that can satisfy all those specifications at the same time. [2] Up until now, indium-tin oxide (ITO) has been most widely used in TCE industry. However, even with high optical transmittance reaching 90%, ITO has not been successful in application for automobile windshield due to relatively high sheet resistance (10 to 100 Ω □ −1 ). [4][5][6] Recent need for TCE technology introduced three different candidate materials including carbon-based materials, metal nanowires (NWs), and metal grids. Although carbon-based materials including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) [7][8][9][10][11] and graphene [12][13][14] has some advantage in flexibility, CNTs and graphenes have relatively high sheet resistance and low optical clarity compared with ITO. Among metal NWs, [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] silver nanowires (Ag NWs) have been improved greatly in recent years with their sheet resistance reaching around 30 Ω □ −1 , while keeping the transmittance up to 90%. However, a severe optical problem like "haze" Transparent heaters can be fabricated with a wide variety of materials including indium-tin oxide, carbon nano tubes, graphenes, metal nanowires, metal grids, and hybrid-type electrodes. However these materials have been applied to small area heaters below 0.01 m 2 because of the limit of electrical and optical properties. High-performance transparent electrodes for large-area purpose (over 1.0 m 2 ) have never been developed with any practical applicability in spite of their utility for removing fog or iced water on automobile windshield, which can be critical for safety and convenience of the drivers. Achieving ultralow resistance with high transparence is the major technical barrier in windshield heaters due to the intrinsic long distance between electrodes and low battery voltage in automobiles. In this study, a high per...

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