Based on the preliminary results of this trial, PAAG appears to be a long-lasting and safe injection material that is suitable for the treatment of glottal insufficiency caused by permanent unilateral vocal cord paralysis.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disease that has an effect on approximately 10% of women of childbearing age. Although there is evidence regarding the role of lifestyle factors in the development of PCOS, the exact etiology remains unclear. Additionally, metformin is used in the treatment of PCOS but its role remains unclear. We compared the effects of lifestyle modification (LSM) + metformin and metformin alone on PCOS. We performed a systematic review by searching electronic databases for publications until December 2019. The primary endpoints were clinical outcomes, such as menstrual cycles and pregnancy rates, and the secondary endpoints were anthropometric, metabolic, and androgenic parameters. The meta-analysis revealed that there was no significant difference in the improvements in the menstrual cycles between LSM and metformin alone (weighted mean difference [MD] = 1.62) and between LSM + metformin and LSM (MD = 1.20). The pregnancy rates and body mass indices were not significantly different between LSM and metformin alone (MD = 1.44 and −0.11, respectively). LSM reduced insulin resistance (MD = −0.52) and increased serum levels of sex hormone-binding globulins (MD = 8.27) compared with metformin. Therefore, we suggest recommending lifestyle modifications actively to women with PCOS if they do not have indications for metformin.

Activating signal cointegrator 2 (ASC-2) is a transcriptional coactivator of many nuclear receptors (NRs) and other transcription factors and contains two NR-interacting LXXLL motifs (NR boxes).In the pancreas, ASC-2 is expressed only in the endocrine cells of the islets of Langerhans, but not in the exocrine cells. Thus, we examined the potential role of ASC-2 in insulin secretion from pancreatic ␤-cells. Overexpressed ASC-2 increased glucose-elicited insulin secretion, whereas insulin secretion was decreased in islets from ASC-2 ؉/؊ mice. DN1 and DN2 are two dominant-negative fragments of ASC-2 that contain NR boxes 1 and 2, respectively, and block the interactions of cognate NRs with the endogenous ASC-2. Primary rat islets ectopically expressing DN1 or DN2 exhibited decreased insulin secretion. Furthermore, relative to the wild type, ASC-2 ؉/؊ mice showed reduced islet mass and number, which correlated with increased apoptosis and decreased proliferation of ASC-2 ؉/؊ islets. These results suggest that ASC-2 regulates insulin secretion and ␤-cell survival and that the regulatory role of ASC-2 in insulin secretion appears to involve, at least in part, its interaction with NRs via its two NR boxes.Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes and is a disorder of glucose homeostasis resulting from insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency (52). Insulin secretion is affected by metabolic signals and transcription factors that are necessary for proper differentiation and growth of various types of pancreatic islet cells (10). The main intracellular signals for insulin secretion derive from glucose metabolism. Glucose metabolism generates oscillations in the ATP/ADP ratio, which lead to the opening and closing of ATP-sensitive K ϩ channels and produce subsequent oscillations in membrane potential, cytoplasmic calcium concentration, and insulin release (7).Studies of human mutations and knockout mice revealed several transcription factors that play crucial roles in pancreatic development, such as PDX-1 (also known as IPF-1) (21), Nkx2.2 (50), Pax4 (47), neurogenin3 (15), and NeuroD (40). The significance of transcription factors in pancreatic development was further reinforced by the analysis of mutations in patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY).MODY is a monogenic type of diabetes characterized by early onset, autosomal dominant inheritance and impaired insulin secretion. Although the MODY2 gene encodes a glucokinase specific to the liver and ␤-cells (3), the remaining five MODY genes encode the transcription factors hepatic nuclear factor

No abstract