A global or planetary index value for the ionization density of the F2 layer can be found by suitably averaging the diurnal critical frequency values as observed at different stations along all parallels of latitude and longitude. Monthly planetary values of F2 layer ionization show marked maxima around the equinoxes. It is shown that the seasonal trends of the EUV index F10.7 and the geomagnetic index Ap, when combined in the ratio of 4:1, reproduce faithfully the observed seasonal trend of planetary F2 layer ionization. Detailed analysis shows that the seasonal enhancement of the planetary F2 ionization is not limited to the planetary scale but is also applicable to the averaged diurnal ionization along any pair of conjugate dip latitudes when taken together.
A study was conducted at the Department of Seed Science and Technology, Dr. Y. S. Parmar University of Horti-culture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P.), India during Kharif 2012 to evaluate the effects of the different planting densities and training systems on plant health (powdery mildew severity) and seed quality of bell pepper cv. Solan Bharpur under pro-tected conditions (polyhouse). Experiment was laid out in naturally ventilated polyhouse using three different planting densi-ties (S1 - 45×15 cm, S2 - 45×30 cm and S3 - 45×45 cm) and four training levels (T1 - single shoot, T2 - two shoots, T3 - three shoots and T4 - four shoots)with three replicates. The combination S2T2 (plants spaced at 45x30 cm and trained to two shoots) was found superior over all other treatments in terms of seed yields i.e. per plant and per hectare (18.00 g and 959.87 kg, respectively) and was at par with important quality characters. The treatment combination S3T1 (plant spaced at 45×45 cm and trained to single shoot) resulted in least powdery mildew severity (21.21 %) and performed best for seed qual-ity characters viz. 1000 seed weight, germination percentage, seedling length, seedling dry weight, seedling vigour index-I & II (6.32 g, 95.75%, 10.86 cm, 3.26 mg, 1039.77 and 312.34, respectively) but it gave lower seed yield and thus it is uneconomic. Therefore, planting density 45×30 cm in combination with two shoot training system can be recom-mended for commercial seed production of bell pepper under protected conditions.
Kerala’s recent urban growth rate has thrown open a challenge before the state government to cater the needs of the urban population and design programmes to provide basic facilities for a good standard of living. The authors here examine the growth trends in Kerala’s urban population, the tempo and degree of concentration and capture the changes in development indicators based on data available from the Census of India. The recent upsurge of 92.8 per cent urban growth rate in Kerala is due to the areal reclassification. The higher order towns (Classes I and II) in Kerala show a decline in growth of population, whereas the lower order towns (Class III towns) are growing. The urban density decreased and work participation rate increased slightly during 2001–2011. This phase of urbanization is characterized by the growth of a more dispersed population than concentrated urban centres. The steady increase in the rate of urbanization in Kerala, however, is accompanied by low pace of development, especially of basic amenities, which is a matter of concern that needs policy attention.
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