Groundwater is the most important natural resource, and many people throughout the world rely on it for drinking, particularly in rural areas. The evaluation of groundwater quality is necessary for the long-term usage of these resources. The purpose of this study is to examine and simulate the groundwater quality status in Bahir Dar in order to determine whether the water is suitable for the designated (drinking) use. During the dry (January, February, and March) and wet (June, July, and August) seasons of 2019, twelve groundwater samples were taken at monthly intervals from open and tube shallow wells for extensive physico-chemical and bacteriological examination. The primary objectives of this study were to (1) analyse an overview of current groundwater quality, (2) to look at the spatial distribution of groundwater quality parameters as pH, turbidity, EC, TDS, chloride (Cl−), nitrate (NO3−), phosphate (PO4− 3), total hardness, and E. coli, and (3) to map the area's groundwater quality map. The groundwater quality parameters were modelled using ArcGIS v10.1 software and the inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation technique. The final geographic modelling revealed that the city's core area had the poorest groundwater quality. The water quality index (WQI) is a mathematical model that depicts the level of water quality. According to the WQI results, 41.67% of groundwater samples have low groundwater quality, 33.33% of groundwater samples have extremely poor groundwater quality, and 25% of samples are unsafe for drinking. Anthropogenic activities have generally damaged the quality of groundwater in the area, necessitating immediate mitigating actions.
This study was conducted in the Lower Areb small-scale irrigation scheme for one crop season from March to May 2018 to evaluate the hydraulic performance of the scheme by estimating the hydraulic performance indicators, physical performance indicators, and maintenance performance indicators. The primary data including water flow rate, soil physical properties, and water infiltration were collected. The secondary data collected were climatic, crop data, and data from different reports and design documents including the irrigation water users' interviews. The hydraulic performance of the irrigation scheme was evaluated by estimating adequacy, efficiency, dependability, and equity indicators at nine selected offtakes; three each at the head, middle, and tail reaches of the scheme. The physical performance and maintenance indicators were determined using the irrigation ratio, the sustainability of the irrigated area, the effectiveness of infrastructure, and the water surface elevation ratio. The data were analyzed by using CROPWAT 8.0, ARC GIS 10.1 software, and Microsoft Excel 2013. The overall average values of adequacy, efficiency, dependability, and equity were found to be 0.89. 0.91, 0.096 and 0.07 respectively. Therefore, dependability, equity, and efficiency were under good condition and adequacy was under fair condition. The irrigation ratio and sustainability of irrigated areas were 54% and 123% respectively. The effectiveness of infrastructure and water surface elevation ratios were 73.33% and 94% respectively.
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