In this work, Sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) residues were used as biomass feedstocks in catalytic upgrading pyrolysis with SBA-15, which is a substance synthesized from coal fly ash (CFA), using alkali fusion, followed by hydrothermal treatment (SBA-15-FA). The catalytic activity of fly ash-derived SBA-15 was investigated through the fast pyrolysis of Sacha inchi residues for upgrading the pyrolysis vapors using the analytical pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-GC/MS) technique. The pyrolysis temperature was set at 500 °C and held for 30 s while maintaining the Sacha inchi residues to catalyst ratios of 1:0, 1:1, 1:5, and 1:10. In addition, the SBA-15s synthesized from chemical reagent and commercial SBA-15 were evaluated for comparison. The non-catalytic fast pyrolysis of Sacha inchi (SI) mainly consisted of fatty acids (46%), including chiefly linoleic acid (C18:2). Other compounds present were hydrocarbon (26%) and nitrogen-containing compounds (8.7%), esters (9.0%), alcohols (6.4%), and furans (3.6%). The study results suggested that the SBA-15-FA showcased a high ability to improve aliphatic selectivity (mainly C5–C20) and was found to be almost 80% at the biomass to catalyst ratio of 1:5. Moreover, the increase in catalyst contents affected the enhancement of hydrocarbons yields and tended to promote the deoxygenation reaction. Interestingly, the catalytic performance of SBA-15 derived from fly ash could be compared to that of the commercial SBA-15 in terms of producing hydrocarbon compounds as well as reducing oxygenated compounds.
Perovskite-type oxide with transition metal as active site presented a promising potential catalyst for tar elimination in gasification process. LaNi1-xCoxO3 (x= 0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1) were prepared by sol-gel method. The XRD profiles of the calcined catalysts revealed the mixed metal oxide forms including LaNiO3 and LaCoO3 rhombohedral structures. Good dispersion of La, Ni, and Co with homogenous structure was observed in synthesized catalyst. The particle size and surface area were in the range of 12.64-21.86 μm and 3.89-11.69 m2 /g, respectively. Activity of prepared catalysts on tar elimination was carried out using steam reforming of toluene as tar model compound at 500, 600, 700, and 800°C. Product distributions obtained from reforming reaction with LaNi1-xCoxO3 were between 40.24-88.84% of gas, 10.99-59.59% of liquid, and 0.15-0.17% of solid. Conversion to CO and H2 were found to increase with the reaction temperature. The maximum carbon and hydrogen conversion to syngas, CO and H2, of approximately 78.42% and 83.49% with acceptable heating value were occurred at 800oC using LaNiO3 as catalyst. Crystal structure of used catalysts clearly showed destruction of perovskite structure and transformation to metallic Ni and Co at effective temperature.
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