Background. We assessed the prescribing trends, average number of drugs per prescription, and cost per prescription during the initial contact of the patient with the physician in emergency room. Methods. This retro-prospective study was conducted over a period of six months. Medical records of two hundred patients were reviewed for prescribing patterns. Results. 52 different types of drugs (996 drugs) were prescribed in total 200 prescriptions during the mean time spent in emergency room of 2.8 ± 1.4 hours. The average number of drugs per prescription was 4.2 ± 1.2. 95% of drugs were prescribed by trade name. Average drugs cost per prescription was 784 ± 134 rupees (17USD). Conclusion. Polypharmacy remains the main form of irrational prescribing. Prescribing patterns of drugs were knowledge based rather than WHO criteria for rational use of drugs.

No abstract

Background: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of sesbania grandiflora linn leaf extracts on diuretic activity in wistar rats.Methods: Healthy male wistar albino rats divided into 9 groups and weighing 150-200gm.diuretic activity was expressed by Natriuretic activity, saluretic activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, Diuretic index or Diuretic action, saluretic index, Natriuretic index. Animalgroups are divided into: group1 treated as control, 2and 3 treated as standards, group 4, 5 and 6 treated with aqueous leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. in different doses of 150,300,450mg/kg. Group 7,8and 9 treated with methanolic leaf extract of Sesbania grandiflora Linn. Doses of 150,300,450mg/kg.Results: No change in body weight group treated with AE-150 (p>0.05) with AE-150 (0.1%), increase in urine volume with increasing doses both with aqueous and methanolic extracts, sodium excretion with methanolic extract was high compared with the aqueous extract, significant increase in potassium excretion in both aqueous and methanolic extract treated groups.All the statistical tests were done by using SPSS version 6. The level of significance was 5% (p≤0.05).Conclusions: All the electrolytes concentration was increased in the urine, hence excluding osmotic diuretic action. Diuretic index, saluretic activity, saluretic index and natriuretic index of ME-450 were more than the value of hydrochlorothiazide hence excludes thiazide diuretic action. But these values were less than furosemide.

Background: A study to determine the effectiveness of video assisted teaching in knowledge and practice on post-operative exercises among abdominal surgery patients in selected hospitals at Kerala. Methodology: A pre experimental research with group pre-test and post-test design and chosen 40 patients was chosen to assess the effectiveness of video assisted teaching programme on post-operative exercises among abdominal surgery patients in tertiary care hospital in Kerala. The study was conducted in tertiary care hospital after obtained the ethical committee approval during the period of July to Dec 2017. Results: The pre-test knowledge, out of 40 patients all of them 40 (100%) had inadequate knowledge on post-operative exercises. In post-test knowledge, out of 40 patients one (2.5%) of them had moderately adequate knowledge, 39 (97.5%) of them had adequate knowledge and none of them had inadequate knowledge in post-test on post-operative exercises. Conclusion: The pre-test knowledge had inadequate knowledge on post-operative exercises among abdominal surgery patients in tertiary care hospital in Kerala.

INTRODUCTIONOsteoarthritis is multifactorial degenerative diseases. It is several factors involving osteoarthritis mainly systemic factors were age, sex, genes and local factors were muscle weakness, joint deformity and specific aetiological factors are still unknown, but may cause mechanical overloading, failure of the chondrocytecontrolled internal remodelling system and extra cartilaginous factors.1 The prevalence is very high especially in elder people.2 It is involves joint lining, cartilage, ligaments and bone, and symptomatic treatment by analgesics, NSAIDs, opioids, chondroitin sulphate, glucosamine, intraarticular corticosteroids, intraarticular hyaluronic acid.3 Osteoarthritis is the fourth most common predictor of problem in women and eighth common predictor was men in global population.4 Knee arthritis is the one of the grater reported site of musculoskeletal pain 5 Developing countries people with the risk of higher physical activities even with less prevalent to obesity. Due to less musculoskeletal surgeries and people lives with severe joint pains in older years while genetic, obesity and smoking are the major risk factors. [6][7][8][9] Earlier studies say that, Common rheumatological problem with joint disease in prevalence of 22% to 39% in India. 10 . Prevalence of osteoarthritis is reported to be in the range of 17 to 60.6% in India 11 .present study deigned to investigate prevalence of ABSTRACT Background: Osteoarthritis is multifactorial in aetiology. Both systemic factors (e.g. age, sex, genes) and local factors (e.g. muscle weakness, joint deformity) appear to influence the risk of individual joints developing the disease. Methods: Total 60 patient's prospective data was collected in S.V. Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital. Collected data were family history, physical activity, illness, addiction, digestive power etc., in patients with osteoarthritis. Results:The study showed 53.33% of previous family history of osteoarthritis and 46.66% were no family history of osteoarthritis. 76.66% gradual disease onset and 23.33% were insidious onset. 100% were having joint pain with swelling. 50% were average digestive power, 36.66% good and 13.33% poor. 30% patients were having addiction of alcohol, 16.66% smoking and alcohol, 16.66% smoking, 3.33% tobacco and 33.33% were no addiction. 66.66% patients were having irregular bowel habit and 33.33% was regular. 41.66% sedentary, 40% active and 18.33% were moderately active. 40% illness was observed during the period of 0-6 months, 30% 1-2 years, 16.66% 6-12 months and 13.33% were 2-5 yrs. 60% cold season and 40% were other seasons. Conclusions: Present study demonstrated that, incidence of osteoarthritis was very high especially in earlier family history of osteoarthritis, gradual disease, joint pain, average digestive power, No addiction, bowel habit Irregular, sedentary, illness during the period of last 6 months and cold season patients.

No abstract

Background: To study the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extracts of leaf (LE) and fruit pulp (FE) of Aegle marmelos in comparison with the standard drugs pentazocine and diclofenac in albino rats. 56 healthy wistar albino rats of either sex were randomly divided into 14 groups of 4 each (n=4), weighing about 150-200grams were selected for the study. All drugs i.e. 1ml of 1% Carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), pentazocine 10mg/kg (intraperitoneal), diclofenac 10 mg/kg and LE and FE at doses of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg in 1% CMC (vehicle) were administered per oral one hour before the experiment.Methods: Analgesic activity was assessed by Eddy’s hot plate method (latency time) and acetic acid induced writhing (number of writhings) method. Anti-inflammatory activity was assessed by carrageenan induced hind paw edema method using digital plethysmometer.Results: Test drugs at doses LE 200mg/kg and FE 200mg/kg have shown significant increase in mean latency time in Eddy’s hot plate (P <0.001) and decrease in the average number of writhing movements (P <0.01). LE 200 and FE 200 doses did not show significant anti-inflammatory activity in Carrageenan induced paw edema model (P >0.05).Conclusions: Leaf extract (LE) and fruit extract (FE) at doses 200mg/kg have shown significant analgesic action and no anti-inflammatory action.

Background: Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative joint disease and it is slowly progressive with signs and symptoms being pain. It is a common cause of disability affecting 60-70% of the population in the age of 60 years. It usually affects the hand, large weight bearing joints, often the knee and the hip.Methods: A prospective study was carried out in S.V Ayurvedic Medical College and Hospital. Collected the data of Socio-demographic and risk factors (age, diet, history, marital status, religion, occupation etc.) during the treatment of osteoarthritis among the patients in hospital.Results: The data reveals that majority of the patients belongs to the age group of 51-60 (43.33%) and 41-50 years (33.33%) followed by 61-70years (16.66%), 31-40 years (6.66%), and 70 % of females, 30% patients were Males in present study. 90% were married 10% were widows. 63.33% of Hindu, 23.33 % were Muslims and only 13.33% were Christians. 40%, of labour, 33.33% Businessmen, 13.33% Servicemen and 13.33% House wives. 53.33% rural, 46.66% urban area. 50% were belonging to middle class while 23.33% were very poor status, 16.66% Rich only 10 % patients were from upper middle class families. 43.33% were Primary level education, 36.66% were illiterates, 10% up to Graduation, 6.66% Post-Graduation and 3.33% up to Matriculation. 63.33% mixed diet, 36.66% vegetarian.Conclusions: Present study reveals that, incidence of osteoarthritis was very high especially in elder female, married, Hindu, labour, rural area, middle class with very poor, primary education, mixed diet (vegetarian with non-vegetarian) patients.