Power Supply Noise has a significant impact on path delay and therefore its estimation is critical in delay testing. In deep sub-micron technologies, voltages are scaled and the number of switching gates has increased which make chips susceptible to power supply noise. Running full-chip simulations on large designs to pre dict the noise is time consuming and expensive. There fore, most existing techniques are based on statistical approaches. In this paper, we propose a current-based dynamic method to estimate power supply noise and use the framework to predict the increase in path delay caused by the variations in power supply voltage with out carrying out a full-chip simulation. A convolu tion-based technique is used to compute the path delays where standalone paths are extracted and simulated. Experimental results reported for estimating noise using the ISCAS-85 benchmark circuit are within 10% of full-chip results. The delay predictions carried out on two other experimental designs using our technique closely match full-chip results with a maximum error of 2%.
Acute surgical pathology may be overlooked in pregnancy. Despite advances in medical technology, preoperative diagnosis of potentially grave pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is often delayed due to overlap with symptoms of pregnancy non-specific elevation of some laboratory parameters due to pregnancy and a dilemma for obstetricians and surgeons in ordering radiological imaging modalities given the risk associated with fetal exposure to ionizing radiation and contrast. AIMS The aim of this study is to analyse the cases of gastrointestinal tract problems encountered in pregnancy so that increasing awareness can be created among obstetricians. This is important because early diagnosis and timely intervention can significantly improve maternal and fetal outcome in these cases. SETTINGS AND DESIGN There is a retrospective case study of potentially grave GIT problems encountered at Vanivilas hospital, Bangalore, a tertiary referral institute wherein the clinical presentation was confounded by pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS All the included cases were analysed for age of the patient, pre-existing gastrointestinal tract disorders, gestational age at diagnosis, maternal and fetal outcome. RESULTS A total of 8 cases of GIT problems in pregnancy were studied. Though acute appendicitis is the most common cause of GIT emergency in pregnancy as quoted in literature 5, we did not encounter any case of acute appendicitis in pregnancy in the study period. Other conditions which were encountered were small bowel obstruction, stomach and bowel perforation and bleeding oesophageal varices. Whilst few of the conditions could be managed conservatively without harm to the pregnancy, others required a laparotomy and reparative procedures. Delay in diagnosis and intervention proved to be fatal in some of these women. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge about potentially grave gastrointestinal tract problems during pregnancy, high index of clinical suspicion, prompt diagnosis (including radiological investigations) and timely intervention including laparotomy, when indicated will help to reduce maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality.
Background: Induction of labor is a crucial and customary clinical procedure in obstetrics. It is arguably one of the most abused procedures. Cervical ripening determines the success of delivery. The availability of newer oxytocics and induction techniques which are simpler and also more predictable has significantly modified our traditionally conservative attitude toward induction of labor. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Foleys catheter against prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) gel for pre-induction cervical ripening. Materials and Methods: Women attending hospital for induction of labor, with a Bishop’s score <6, were allocated randomly to Foley’s group (Group F) and PGE2 gel group (Group P). Fifty women were allocated to Foley’s group (Group F) and 50 were allocated to gel group (Group P). The Foley’s group had a number 18 Foley catheter inserted into cervix, bulb inflated and placed on traction. Further augmentation was done, after Foleys extrusion or 6 h after gel, either with PGE2 gel or oxytocin solution depending on Bishops score. Results: The Foley’s group had significantly higher change in Bishop’s score (3.12 vs. 2.66, P=0.04). The Foleys group required lesser number of further doses of gel as compared to gel group. No differences were found between the two groups with respect to induction to delivery interval, mode of delivery, non-reassuring fetal heart rate patterns, or baby weight. Conclusion: Foleys catheter was associated with greater change in Bishops score as compared to intracervical PGE2 gel. It was not associated with any side effect during induction process.
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