The burden of dengue virus infections increased globally during recent years. Though India is considered as dengue hyper-endemic country, limited data are available on disease epidemiology. The present study includes molecular characterization of dengue virus strains occurred in Hyderabad, India, during the year 2014. A total of 120 febrile cases were recruited for this study, which includes only children and 41 were serologically confirmed for dengue positive infections using non-structural (NS1) and/or IgG/IgM ELISA tests. RT-PCR, nucleotide sequencing and evolutionary analyses were carried out to identify the circulating serotypes/genotypes. The data indicated a high percent of severe dengue (63%) in primary infections. Simultaneous circulation of all four serotypes and co-infections were observed for the first time in Hyderabad, India. In total, 15 patients were co-infected with more than one dengue serotype and 12 (80%) of them had severe dengue. One of the striking findings of the present study is the identification of serotype Den-1 as the first report from this region and this strain showed close relatedness to the Thailand 1980 strains but not to any of the strains reported from India until now. Phylogenetically, all four strains of the present study showed close relatedness to the strains, which are reported to be high virulent.
Dengue virus infections pose a significant threat to human health at present, which is reported from nearly 140 countries. The genome of this virus encodes three structural and seven non-structural (NS) proteins along with two un-translated regions, one each on both ends. Among them, dengue protease (NS3) plays a pivotal role in polyprotein processing and virus multiplication. NS3 is also known to regulate several host proteins to induce and maintain pathogenesis.Certain viral proteins are known to interact with mitochondrial membrane proteins and interfere with their functions. But the association of a virus-coded protein with the mitochondrial matrix is not known. In this report, by using in silico analysis, we show that NS3pro alone is capable of mitochondrial import; however, dependent on its innate mitochondrial transport signal (MTS). Transient transfection and protein import studies confirm the import of NS3pro to the mitochondrial matrix. Similarly, NS3pro-helicase (1-464 amino acids of NS3) also targets the mitochondria. Intriguingly, reduced levels of the matrix localized GrpEL1, a co-chaperone of mtHsp70, were noticed in NS3pro, NS3pro-helicase expressing, and virus-infected cells. Upon using purified components, GrpEL1 undergoes cleavage, and the sites have been mapped to KR81A and QR 92S. Importantly, the levels of GrpEL1 are seriously compromised in severe dengue infected clinical samples. Our studies provide novel insights into the import of NS3 into host mitochondria and identify a hitherto unknown factor, GrpEL1 as a cleavage target, and thereby providing new avenues for the dengue research and the design of potential therapeutics. IMPORTANCE About 40% of the world's population is at the risk of dengue virus infections. There is no specific drug or potential vaccine for these infections until now. Lack of complete understanding about the pathogenesis is one of the hurdles for developing antivirals for this virus infection. In the present study, we show that the virus-coded protease imports to the mitochondrial matrix, which is the first-ever report with reference to the animal and human viruses. The analysis indicated that the observed mitochondrial import is due to the inherited mitochondrial transport signal. We also show that the matrix localized GrpEL1, a co-chaperone of mtHsp70, is also the substrate of dengue virus protease, as observed in in vitro, ex vivo, virus-infected cells, and dengue virus-infected clinical samples. Hence our studies reveal an essential aspect of the pathogenesis of dengue virus infections, which may aid in developing anti-dengue therapeutics.
Dengue virus reportedly circulates as four genetically distinct serotypes for which there is no widely accepted vaccine or drug at present. Morbidity and mortality caused by this virus are alarming for the possible increased threat to human health. A suitable diagnostic test is the prerequisite for designing and developing control measures. But, the tests being employed at present possess one or the other drawback for this disease diagnosis. During the dengue virus infections, NS2B is essential for the stability and catalytic activity of the NS3 protease. N‐terminal 185 amino acids of NS3 protease domain along with hydrophilic portion of NS2B (NS2BNS3pro) is being used to screen dengue inhibitors but not for diagnosis until now. In the present study, we have used purified NS2BNS3pro as an antigen to trap anti‐NS2BNS3pro antibodies of the clinical samples. Antibodies were detected successfully in both Western blot analysis and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tests. In ELISA, antibodies were detected in both primary and secondary infections of all serotypes. Interestingly, 17 samples declared as other febrile infections by NS1 and IgM/IgG tests were found to be positive in present test, which were further confirmed by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction. In silico studies suggested the absence of conserved epitopes between NS2BNS3pro and the counterpart in JEV, Zika, and CHIKV, indicating less possibility of crossreaction, which was in turn confirmed by using synthetic peptides representing the above epitopes. Statistical analysis with 76% specificity, 87% sensitivity, and 95% concordance also supported the present test as a suitable test for large scale diagnosis of dengue virus infections.
Dengue virus circulates as four independent serotypes posing a major public health threat around the globe. In the recent years, frequent dengue outbreaks are being reported in many parts of the world including India. Among four serotypes, Den-4 is the least sampled and studied serotype until recent times, but the reported cases with Den-4 infections were mostly known to associate with severe dengue. In the past three decades, only one complete genome sequence of Den-4 has been published from India. Hence there is a deficit in information with reference to this serotype which would be required in deciphering its association with severe dengue. In this study, we have carried out the complete genome characterization of Den-4 virus, isolated from a dengue shock syndrome patient during the 2015 outbreak from Hyderabad, South India. Phylogenetic analysis revealed the circulation of genotype I (lineage C) which showed close relatedness to the reported virulent strains. The data also indicated few unique amino acid substitutions which are known to be important in virus replication and epitope presentation. This is the first report of complete genome characterization of Den-4 from South India, which may assist in shaping the genetic diversity of circulating strains in India.
Acute respiratory infection by influenza virus is a persistent and pervasive public health problem. Antiviral innate immunity initiated by type I interferon (IFN) is the first responder to pathogen invasion and provides the first line of defense. We discovered that Axin1, a scaffold protein, was reduced during influenza virus infection. We also found that overexpression of Axin1 and the chemical stabilizer of Axin1, XAV939, reduced influenza virus replication in lung epithelial cells. This effect was also observed with respiratory syncytial virus and vesicular stomatitis virus. Axin1 boosted type I IFN response to influenza virus infection and activated JNK/c-Jun and Smad3 signaling. XAV939 protected mice from influenza virus infection. Thus, our studies provide new mechanistic insights into the regulation of the type I IFN response and present a new potential therapeutic of targeting Axin1 against influenza virus infection.
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