International audienceWireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSNs) are a particular instance of Wireless Sensor Networks that support the transmission of multimedia data such as video, image or sound. Those multimedia data should be delivered with a variety of predefined levels of Quality of Service which imposes the development of specific routing protocols. In this paper, we propose a new routing protocol based on clustering, that balances the number of nodes in clusters, called Equal Size Clusters to reduce Congestion in WMSNs. We seek to balance the number of members in each cluster in order to reduce intra-cluster congestion and reduce the number of congested cluster-heads. Therefore, we propose a novel metric called Maximum Cluster-heads Utilization Ratio (MCUR) that indicates the largest number of members assigned to a cluster-head to ensure a reliable transmission of multimedia data. Simulation results indicate that our proposed scheme outperforms other protocols proposed in the literature in terms of MCUR, number of cluster-heads and energy consumed
A novel tetrachlorocuprate salt (C6H16N2O)[CuCl4] was synthesized and its crystal structure determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. This compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group Pn with unit cell parameters a = 7.71302(11), b = 6.33580(8), c = 13.10453(19)Å, = 104.9526(15)°, V = 618.710(15)Å3 and one cation and one anion in the asymmetric unit. Its crystal structure consists of [CuCl4]2-anions surrounded by [C6H16N2O]2+ cations. NHCl, NHO and OHCl hydrogen bonding interactions link the entities into a three-dimensional framework. Theoretical calculations at the DFT/B3LYP/LanL2DZ level of theory provided good consistency between the calculated and experimental vibrational spectra and with the observed geometries of the ions. Compared with reference drugs, the compound exhibited moderate activity against gram-negative bacteria, while it showed modest activity against fungal and the gram-positive strains, except for S. aureus.
Abstract-Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are a promising technology to monitor distant or inaccessible areas. As nodes have a limited energy supply, many routing protocols are based on a clustering mechanism: some nodes are elected as cluster heads and have to deal with most of the communication burden of the network, while the other nodes perform only simple operations. In this paper, we propose a new election mechanism with important features: it ensures that all nodes are in range of a cluster head while keeping the number of cluster heads low, it takes into account the residual energy of nodes, and it requires a small communication overhead. We compare the performance of our election mechanism with an optimal election, as well as with the election mechanism of LEACH, which is the main clustering algorithm for WSNs.
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