This study compared bullying experiences between ethnic minority youth and Korean majority youth in South Korea, and examined whether the student-teacher relationship is associated with their bullying experiences. Participants comprised 148 ethnic minority students and 165 Korean majority students in Grades 4 to 11 in South Korea. Bivariate analyses revealed that ethnic minority youth were more likely to be relationally bullied, but were less likely to bully their peers than Korean majority youth. Ethnic minority youth, with Southeast Asian mothers in particular, are most likely to be victimized and least likely to perpetrate bullying. Generalized linear model analyses identified that the youth’s positive perception of teachers decreased the risk of both victimization and perpetration. Policy and practice implications were discussed.
This study was to evaluate the growth and spatial distribution characteristics of Rhus javanica population. The study was conducted between 2015 January and July at the cut-slope revegetation site in Dae-Ji Mountain. Seeds of native species were sowed on the disturbed cut-slope in 2002. There were 119 vascular plant species 55 families and 94 genera on the cut-slope. Compositae, Rosaceae, and Leguminosae plants were dominant species, which are pioneer species in dry and barren site.Canopy of trees covered 44.1% total area, which was 8.3% increase from 2008. Rhus javanica, main species, dominated all DBH classes except DBH >24cm. Albizzia julibrissin showed high frequency in the 6∼17cm DBH class and Salix koreensis was abundant at >12cm. Elaeagnus umbellata, Corylus heterophylla var. heterophylla, Alnus sibirica, and Acer pictum were not observed. Rhus javanica population was the most frequently observed on the south facing cut-slope. The average DBH of Rhus javanica was 7.3(±3.7)cm and the average height of them was 5.2(±1.7)m. Annual average DBH growth was 7.9mm/yr and the maximum growth(12.0mm/yr) was the 3 rd year. It decreased after 6 th
The use of guinea pigs in the titration of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin, while being a standard method, is not without its drawbacks. The animal is not always procurable and its cost of purchase and maintenance is comparatively high. The Ramon precipitation method is simple and economical, but the results are not always quite satisfactory or conclusive. Furthermore, we are not without misgivings in the titration of a biological phenomenon by purely chemico-physical means, at least not without further understanding of the nature of their correlation.In an attempt to discover a method of titration which can be applied when guinea pigs are not available, we find that the results obtained by standardizing diphtheria toxin and antitoxin on hamsters are comparable to those obtained by the use of guinea pigs.Throughout the experiment hamsters, Cricetdw grisew, weighing from 25 to 30 gm. are used. They are easily obtainable in this part of the world and are quite susceptible to diphtheria toxin. The diphtheria toxin we use is from the National Epidemic Prevention Bureau, Peiping. Its M.L.D. for guinea pig is 0.005 cc. and its L + dose 0.22 cc. The antitoxin is obtained from the same source and checked by us against the standard unit provided by the U. S. Hygienic Laboratory, Washington, as containing 350 units per cc. They are diluted to the required concentrations with 0.9% saline.In case both toxin and antitoxin are injected into the same animal, they are always mixed in dtro and allowed to stand one hour before injection. The total amount injected is 1 cc. and all injections are given subcutaneously.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.