Abstract:A method was developed to estimate the consumption of CH4 and the release of CO2 by gas flaring using VIIRS nighttime data. The results agreed with the field data collected at six stations in Bakken field, North Dakota, USA, within ±50%, as measured by mean relative errors and with a correlation coefficient of 0.75. This improved over the NOAA NightFire estimates, likely due to: (1) more stringent data selection using only the middle portion of cloud-free VIIRS nighttime imagery; (2) the use of a lower heating rate, which is more suitable for the field condition; and (3) more accurate efficiency factors in calculating completeness in combustion and conversion of total reaction energy into radiant energy that can be sensed by a satellite sensor. While using atmospherically-corrected data can further improve the estimate of CH4 consumption by ~10%, the major uncertainty remains as being the form factor of the flares, particularly the ratio of total surface area of a flare to the cross-section area that was seen by a satellite sensor.

Several fiery rail accidents in

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This project was one of three conducted by the consortium under the DOE mercury program to systematically test Hg control technologies available for utilities burning lignite. The overall objective of the three projects was to field-test and verify options that may be applied cost-effectively by the lignite industry to reduce Hg emissions. The EERC, URS, and other team members tested sorbent injection technologies for plants equipped with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and spray dryer absorbers combined with fabric filters (SDAs-FFs). The work focused on technology commercialization by involving industry and emphasizing the communication of results to vendors and utilities throughout the project. ENHANCING CARBON REACTIVITY IN MERCURY CONTROL IN LIGNITE-FIRED SYSTEMS EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe This project is one of three conducted by the consortium as part of the DOE NETL Phase II Round 1 mercury program to systematically test Hg control technologies available for utilities burning lignite. The overall objective of the three projects is to field-test and verify options that may be applied cost-effectively by the lignite industry to reduce Hg emissions. The EERC, URS, and other team members tested sorbent injection technologies for plants equipped with electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) and spray dryer absorbers combined with fabric filters (SDAsFFs).Carbon injection technologies have been shown to be the most viable commercial options for systems without SO 2 scrubbers, including those emitting primarily elemental mercury (Hg 0 ). Lignites, because of their low chlorine and high calcium contents, liberate mainly Hg 0 during combustion and their fly ashes possess low Hg-sorbent reactivity. Two technologies have been identified that overcome these problems by using additives to enhance mercury capture or treated carbons to significantly increase sorbent reactivity and Hg capture. Both technologies have been successfully demonstrated in pilot-scale and short-term field tests and were tested during a monthlong period on units configured with an ESP or SDA-FF combination.Parametric test results were used to determine the best Hg control technology to employ during the extended test periods at all four sites. At LOS1, the chosen technology was the injection of DARCO ® Hg and the addition of 2.9 lb/Macf of sorbent enhancement additive 1 (SEA). With this combination of technologies, a maximum Hg removal of 67% was achieved at a powdered activated carbon (PAC) feed rate of 3.0 lb/Macf. The chosen technology for SS10 was the injection of DARCO ® Hg-LH, an impregnated lignite-based activated carbon ix specifically manufactured for the removal of Hg in coal-fired utility flue gas emission streams. The injection of DARCO ® Hg-LH at SS10 yielded a maximum Hg removal of 96% at a low injection rate of 1.5 lb/Macf. Results of parametric testing at AVS1 indicated that the injection of DARCO ® Hg with the addition of 0.041 lb/Macf SEA2 was the best option for monthlong testing. The use of these technologies at AVS1...