Entertainment-education approaches to health promotion and disease prevention are a popular method for many interventions that target adolescents and young adults. This article documents how this approach is used to educate and influence young people about HIV/AIDS, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and other health issues in the United States. A review of the literature is followed by a two-phase descriptive study of American youth performing arts entertainment-education programs. First, a quantitative survey was conducted among youth performing arts participants who were attending a national conference on the subject. This was followed by a qualitative survey among adult and youth conference attendees from established HIV/AIDS prevention youth performing arts programs. These two approaches provided detailed insight into the characteristics, approaches, and frameworks used to create, implement, and evaluate these entertainment-education efforts. Nine domains that define the effects and effectiveness of youth HIV prevention entertainment-education interventions are identified and described, including those related to performances, intervention management, and audiences. Given the importance of evaluation for the success and effectiveness of intervention programs, these domains are used to construct a framework for entertainment-education research and evaluation efforts.

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Anaerobic digestion (AD) has been extensively investigated to obtain energy from chicken manure (CM). However, CM has high total and volatile solids (TS and VS) contents, making wet AD unsuitable for treatment due to high levels of water consumption and large digester volumes. Previous studies have shown that anaerobic codigestion (AcoD) of sewage sludge and wine distillery wastewater (SS:WDW) resulted in lower methane production (MP) values than those obtained in AD of SS alone due to the lower VS content of the WDW. The present study was carried out to address these challenges. AcoD of SS:WDW:CM is proposed here for the first time as an effective new alternative for managing three wastes in one and the same digester. To achieve this goal, different proportions of SS:WDW:CM (50:50:0; 49:49:2; 47:47:6; 44:44:12 w/w/w) were considered. Increasing the proportion of CM resulted in an increase both in MP (from 3.3 to 11.5 L CH 4 /L reactor) and SMP (from 197 to 229 L CH 4 /kg VS), along with high organic matter removal rates (% TCOD r = 60 ± 3% and % VS r = 64 ± 3%). However, it also resulted in a reduced methane rate (from 0.116 to 0.045 d −1 ) and a longer lag phase (from 0.394 to 3.199 d) due to the high amount of nonsoluble organic matter in the CM. Optimal conditions were 44:44:12 (w/w/w) SS:WDW:CM, which resulted in removal rates of %VS r = 60%, SMP = 229 L CH 4 /kg VS, MP = 11.5 L CH 4 /L reactor, and methane productivity (at 30 days) = 0.38 L CH 4 /L reactor/d.

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