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IMPORTANCE Neuroinflammation may play a role in epilepsy. Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO), a biomarker of neuroinflammation, is overexpressed on activated microglia and reactive astrocytes. A preliminary positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging study using carbon 11 ([ 11 C])-labeled PBR28 in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) found increased TSPO ipsilateral to seizure foci. Full quantitation of TSPO in vivo is needed to detect widespread inflammation in the epileptic brain. OBJECTIVES To determine whether patients with TLE have widespread TSPO overexpression using [ 11 C]PBR28 PET imaging, and to replicate relative ipsilateral TSPO increases in patients with TLE using [ 11 C]PBR28 and another TSPO radioligand, [ 11 C]DPA-713. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In a cohort study from March 2009 through September 2013 at the Clinical Epilepsy Section of the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, participants underwent brain PET and a subset had concurrent arterial sampling. Twenty-three patients with TLE and 11 age-matched controls were scanned with [ 11 C]PBR28, and 8 patients and 7 controls were scanned with [ 11 C]DPA-713. Patients with TLE had unilateral temporal seizure foci based on ictal electroencephalography and structural magnetic resonance imaging. Participants with homozygous low-affinity TSPO binding were excluded. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESThe [ 11 C]PBR28 distribution volume (V T ) corrected for free fraction (f P ) was measured in patients with TLE and controls using FreeSurfer software and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging for anatomical localization of bilateral temporal and extratemporal regions. Side-to-side asymmetry in patients with TLE was calculated as the ratio of ipsilateral to contralateral [ 11 C]PBR28 and [ 11 C]DPA-713 standardized uptake values from temporal regions.RESULTS The [ 11 C]PBR28 V T to f p ratio was higher in patients with TLE than in controls for all ipsilateral temporal regions (27%-42%; P < .05) and in contralateral hippocampus, amygdala, and temporal pole (approximately 30%-32%; P < .05). Individually, 12 patients, 10 with mesial temporal sclerosis, had asymmetrically increased hippocampal [ 11 C]PBR28 uptake exceeding the 95% confidence interval of the controls. Binding of [ 11 C]PBR28 was increased significantly in thalamus. Relative [ 11 C]PBR28 and [ 11 C]DPA-713 uptakes were higher ipsilateral than contralateral to seizure foci in patients with TLE ([ 11 C]PBR28: 2%-6%; [ 11 C]DPA-713: 4%-9%). Asymmetry of [ 11 C]DPA-713 was greater than that of [ 11 C]PBR28 (F = 29.4; P = .001).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Binding of TSPO is increased both ipsilateral and contralateral to seizure foci in patients with TLE, suggesting ongoing inflammation. Anti-inflammatory therapy may play a role in treating drug-resistant epilepsy.

Intermolecular addition of phenols, carboxylic acids, and protected amines to inert olefins can be catalyzed by low concentrations (1-5%) of triflic acid. Functional groups, such as the methoxyl substitution on aromatics, could be tolerated if the concentration of triflic acid and the reaction temperature are controlled appropriately. This reaction provides one of the simplest olefin addition methods and is an alternative to metal-catalyzed reactions.

The Midas touch: 1,3‐Dienes undergo hydroamination with carbamates and sulfonamides in the presence of Ph3PAuOTf catalyst under mild conditions (see scheme). The carbobenzyloxy (Cbz) group is readily removed from the product, and the reaction is thus an efficient method to prepare allylic amines.