The quantitative effects of sugar concentration, nitrogen concentration, EDTA, temperature, pH and time of fermentation on ethanol production were optimized using a Box-Wilson central composite design (CCD) experiment. It was found that palmyra jaggery (sugar syrup from the palmyra palm) is a suitable substrate for the production of high concentrations of ethanol using Saccharomyces cerevisiae NCIM 3090 by submerged fermentation. A maximum ethanol concentration of 129.4 g/l was obtained after optimizing media components and conditions of fermentation. The optimum values were a temperature of 26.2°C, pH of 8.4, time of fermentation of 4.2 days with 398.5 g of substrate/l, 3.

Manufacturers throughout the world are facing major new challenges, including shorter product life cycles and increasing competition. As companies strive to rationalize engineering design, manufacturing, and support processes and to produce a large variety of products at lower costs, modularity is becoming a focus. This paper reviews the methodologies for determining modular manufacturing systems while considering cost and performance. The manufacturing concept, termed modular production systems and modular manufacturing systems are aimed specifically at "hard" low to medium technology products, as typified by goods such as children's toys and kitchen appliances. It was proposed to increase the flexibility of the manufacturing operation in terms of its range of function, product, and service by modularizations and its ability to be easily reconfigured in the face of changing conditions.

Co-Cr-Mo alloy samples, fabricated using Laser Engineered Net Shaping-a laser-based additive manufacturing technology, have been subjected to heat treatment to study its influence on microstructure, wear, and corrosion properties. Following L9 Orthogonal array of Taguchi method, the samples were solutionized at 1200°C for 30, 45, and 60 min followed by water quenching. Aging treatment was done at 815 and 830°C for 2, 4, and 6 h. Heat treated samples were evaluated for their microstructure, hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance. The results revealed that highest hardness of 512 ± 58 Hv and wear rate of 0.90 ± 0.14 × 10 −4 mm 3 /N•m can be achieved with appropriate post-fabrication heat treatment. Analysis of variance and gray relational analysis on the experimental data revealed that the samples subjected to solution treatment for 60 min, without aging, exhibit best combination of hardness, wear, and corrosion resistance.

Abstract

The present paper is to know how the work is carried out in the field of biomechanics of knee. Various model formulations are discussed and further classified into mathematical model, two-dimensional model and three-dimensional model. Knee geometry is a crucial part of human body movement, in which how various views of knee is shown in different planes and how the forces act on tibia and femur are studied. It leads to know the forces acting on the knee joint. Experimental studies of knee geometry and forces acting on knee shown by various researchers have been discussed, and comparisons of results are made. In addition, static and dynamic analysis of knee has been also discussed respectively to some extent.